Geophysics

Data
analysis
Depth
conversion
Simulation

Well
correlation

Well
design Facies
modelling
Property modelling
And Upscaling

Building the Dynamic

Reservoir Model – WELLS
AND RUN CONTROLS
TM4112 Karakterisasi &
Pemodelan Reservoir
Outline
 Well Data
 Representing Wells in Simulation
 Spacing of Wells in Simulation Grid
 Production Controls
 Time Steps
 Simulator Control Data
 Model Initialization
Well Data
 Completion data
 Production and injection data
 Pressure data
 Operational control and constraint
information
Well Data
 Completion data
 Well bottomhole location and orientation
 Perforation interval
 Wellbore radius
 Permeability-thickness product
 Skin factor
 Hydraulic fracture length
 Hydraulic fracture conductivity
 Well constant
Well Data
 Production and injection data
 Production vs time for all produced fluids –
oil, gas, condensate, water
 Injection vs time for all injected fluids – gas,
water
Well Data
 Pressure data
 Static pressure data
 Flowing pressure data
 Pressure transient test data
Well Data
 Operational control and constraint
information
 How are wells produced?
 Natural flow
 Rod pump
 Gas lift
 Submersible pump
Well Data
 Are there any limits, or constraints, on
production?
 Equipment pressure limitations
 Maximum fluid lifting capacity
 Maximum water handling capacity
 Economic limit production rates
 Allowable production limited by regulatory
agencies
Well Data
 How are injection wells operated?
 Are there any limits, or constraints, on
injection?
 Equipment pressure limitations
 Maximum injection rate capacity
Wellbore and Facilities
Data
 Well mechanical configuration data
 Lengths and ID’s of tubulars through which
fluids are produced and injected
 Configuration of surface gathering and
injection system
 Node types and locations
 Lengths and ID’s of tubulars through which
fluids flow
Representing Wells in a
Simulation
 Common well representations in
simulation include
 Explicit specification of the rate
 Representation of the wellbore by flow into
a grid block or group of grid blocks.
 Well constant or PI formulation
Representing Wells in
Simulation
 Well representation should
 Account for near well conditions
 Properly account for near well conditions which
affect the productivity of the well such as skin
damage or stimulation

 Allow the necessary degree of well control

 Allow the necessary degree of well control and
flexibility to enable proper simulation of
production histories and expected future
operating conditions
Well Constant Equations
 The well constant is used to
relate grid block pressure to
the well flowing bottomhole
pressure when the well is
located in large grid block.
 Peaceman and others have
published several papers
describing the calculation of
well constants which account
for the location of the well in
a grid block, grid block
dimensions and permeability
anisotropy.
 Well Constant Equations
 The general formula presented by
Peaceman for the well constant of
a well located in the center of a
rectangular grid block is given by

 where ro is defined as the radius

at which the pseudo-steady state
radial flow equation predicts a
pressure equal to the pressure of
the grid block containing the well.
For the general case of a
rectangular grid block with
anisotropic permeability, ro can
be calculated by the formula
Well Constant Equations
 The apparent wellbore radius, rwa,
includes the effect of the skin factor due
to damage, stimulation, partial
penetration, and wellbore inclination.
The equation for rwa is
Spacing of Wells in the
Simulation Grid
 Spacing dependent on objectives,
accuracy and flow mechanism
 Rule of thumb is 3 to 5 blocks between
wells
 In simulation of waterflood, may need 10
or more
 Interference tests need finer grid
spacings
Spacing of Wells in the
Simulation Grid
 In early stages of study, perform a grid
sensitivity study and select the most
coarse grid
 As study progresses, refine grid
appropriately
Well Rate and Pressure
Specifications and
Constraints
 The well constraints used in simulations
should represent actual field operating
conditions as closely as possible.
 Most simulators will allow specification of
production targets and constraints
enabling the rate and minimum flowing
pressure to be specified.
 The simulator will automatically switch
from rate-controlled production to
pressure- controlled production.
Well Control Hierarchy
Timestep Schedule
 The timestep schedule is the definition
of how we divide, or discretize, time in
order to solve the differential equations
numerically
 Although we use reservoir and well
properties in designing the timestep
schedule, the timestep schedule is
independent of the reservoir and well
properties.
Scheduling Changes in
Production Rates and Other
Dynamic Data
 Schedule of times to honor changes in
production and injection rates

 May also include times corresponding to

specific events
 Pressure measurements
 Times for desired output
Scheduling of Individual
Timesteps
 Minimum and maximum timestep sizes
and timestep size multipliers
 Maximum pressure and saturation
changes for limiting timestep sizes
Effects of Time Step Size
on Simulation Results
 Several factors must be considered
when selecting time step sizes for a
simulation. These factors include:
 Data requirements,
 Numerical stability and
 Time-truncation errors.
Common Rules for Time
Step Size Control
 Recommended procedure:
 Start with small time step sizes after
significant rate changes
 Use large time step size multipliers to build
time step sizes quickly
 Use ∆p, ∆S and ∆t limits to restrict time
step sizes to reasonable levels
Common Rules for Time
Step
Size Control
 When history matching, the time-step
sizes should be the same in base and
perturbation runs.
 Otherwise, differences in the solution
caused by different time step sizes may
appear to be caused by the perturbation of
reservoir properties.
 This is particularly true when using
automatic history matching methods.
Simulator Control Data
 Numerical solution parameters
 Output control data
 Run control
Output Control Data
 Moderate to large simulations require
judicious specification of desired output.
 Output files sizes can quickly become
unmanageable.
 Type of output desired
 Frequency of node output
 Frequency of map output
Run Control
 Starting and stopping the simulation
 Restarting the simulation
Model Initialization
Model Initialization
How the Simulation Model
is
Initialized
1. Obtain contact depths (Petrophysics)
2. Using initial pressure, calculate fluid densities at
reservoir conditions from PVT table
3. Set up lines representing the initial fluid gradients
4. Calculate the capillary pressure at each point by
calculating the difference in phase potential
5. Enter the capillary pressure table and read off the
phase saturation corresponding to each capillary
pressure
 Can also initialize by defining initial pressure and
saturation in each block (Need to check for
equilibrium)
Complete 3D View of the Simulation
Model (Mid-Point Elevations of
Simulation
Simulation Model Initial
Water Saturation
Distribution for Layer 1
After calculating initial pressures and saturations in the
reservoir, the simulator calculates original fluids in place.
Reviewing Simulation
Output to
Ensure Valid Results
 We recommend using the following
procedure to systematically review
simulation output to ensure that results
are valid.
 The full review will normally be required
following major changes in the model.
Some items should routinely be
reviewed.
Review Warning
Messages
 Review output for warning or error
messages printed out by the simulator
 Fluid property, relative permeability, and
capillary pressure table trend checking
 Grid blocks with zero permeability or
porosity
 Wells located in inactive grid blocks
 Other simulator specific warning/error
messages
Review Input Data
Printout
 Review output to ensure that the
simulator is correctly reading the input
data.
 Rock properties
 Fluid properties
 Multiphase properties
Review Initialization
 Review reservoir
initialization/equilibration as calculated
by the model
 Compare original fluids in place in the
model to values estimated using
volumetrics
 Pressure
 Saturation
 Position of gas-oil, oil-water, gas-water
contacts
Review Numerical
Performance
Statistics
 Material balance error
 Outer iterations
 Inner iterations
 Cutbacks
 Maximum pressure and saturation
changes
 Is the model oscillating?
Review Production
Statistics
 Ensure that wells are being operated in
the desired manner
 Check
 That each well is in the desired location
 That correct algebraic sign is used for
production and injection
 For wells changing from constant rate to
constant pressure
Review Production
Statistics
 Check
 For wells which have been shut in due to
excessive gas or water production, GOR or
WOR
 Total production from multiply completed
wells
 For wells drilled or completed by an
automatic well management scheme
References
 Mattax, C. C., and Dalton, R. L.: Reservoir
Simulation, SPE Monograph Series No. 13,
1990.
 Aziz, K., and Settari, A.: Petroleum Reservoir
Simulation, Applied Science, 1979.
 Odeh, A. S.: "Reservoir Simulation...What is
it?" JPT (Nov. 1969) 1383-1388.
 Coats, K. H.: "Use and Misuse of Reservoir
Simulation Models," JPT (Nov. 1969) 1391-
1398.