Operating Systems

and Windows
Definition

It act as interface between hardware and

user.
without Operating system (OS)we can use hardware but it’s not convenient and efficient.

Act as a resource manager.

OS manage the hardware and software resources.

Provide a platform on which other

application program are installed.
 What is an Operating System?

•The most important

program that runs on your
computer. It manages all
other programs on the
machine.

•Every PC has to have one to

run other applications or
programs. It’s the first thing
“loaded”.
 Operating System
•It performs basic tasks,
such as:

•Recognizing input from the

keyboard or mouse,

•Sending output to the

monitor,
 Operating System

•Keeping track of
files and directories
on the disk, and

•Controlling
peripheral devices
such as disk drives
and printers.
Architecture
 Types of OS
1. Mainframe operating systems
• OS found in room sized computers which are still found in major
corporate data centres.
• They offer three kinds of services:
1) Batch OS – processes routine jobs without any interactive user
presents i.e. claim processing in insurance
2) Transaction processing – handles large numbers of small
processes i.e. cheque processing at banks
3) Timesharing – allows multiple remote users to run their jobs at
once i.e. querying a database, airline booking system
• Examples: OS/390, OS/360.

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 7 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS
1. Mainframe operating systems
• OS found in room sized computers which are still found in major
corporate data centres.
• They offer three kinds of services:
1) Batch OS – processes routine jobs without any interactive user
presents i.e. claim processing in insurance
2) Transaction processing – handles large numbers of small
processes i.e. cheque processing at banks
3) Timesharing – allows multiple remote users to run their jobs
at once i.e. querying a database, airline booking system
• Examples: OS/390, OS/360.

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 8 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS (Cont…)
2. Server operating systems
• This OS runs on servers which are very large PC, workstations or
even mainframes.
• They serve multiple users at once over a network and allow the
users to share hardware & software resources.
• It provides print services, file service or web service.
• It handles the incoming requests from clients.
• Examples: Solaris, FreeBSD, and Linux and Windows Server 200x.

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 9 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS (Cont…)
3. Multiprocessor operating systems
• A computer system consist two or more CPUs is called
multiprocessor.
• It is also called parallel computers, multicomputer or
multiprocessor.
• They need special OS or some variations on server OS with special
features for communication, connectivity and consistency.
• Examples: Windows and Linux.

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 10 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS (Cont…)
4. Personal computer operating systems
• The operating systems installed on our personal computer and
laptops are personal OS.
• Job of this OS is to provide good support to single user.
• This OS is widely used for word processing, spreadsheet and
internet access.
• Examples: Linux, Windows vista and Macintosh.

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 11 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS (Cont…)
5. Handhelds computer operating systems
• A handheld computer or PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) is small
computer that fit in a Pocket and perform small number of
functions such as electronic address book, memo pad.
• The OS runs on these devices are handheld OS.
• These OS also provides ability to handle telephony, digital
photography and other functions.
• Examples: Symbian OS, Palm OS.
• Android OS, IOS, Blackberry OS

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 12 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS (Cont…)
6. Embedded operating systems
• This OS is installed in ATMs, printers, calculators and washing
machine.
• It runs on the computer that control devices.
• It neither allow to download new software nor accept user
installed software. So there is no need for protection.
• Examples: QNX, VxWorks.

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 13 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS (Cont…)
7. Sensor node operating systems
• Network of tiny sensor nodes are being developed for numerous
purpose.
• Each nodes are tiny computers with a CPU, RAM, ROM and one or
more environmental sensors.
• The OS installed in these nodes are sensor node OS.
• They communicate with each other and with base station using
wireless communication.
• These sensor network are used to protect area of building, detect
fires in forest, measure temperature.
• Examples: TinyOS.

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 14 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS (Cont…)
8. Real time operating systems
• These systems having time as a key parameter.
• Real time OS has well defined fixed time constraints.
• Processing must be done within defined time constraints
otherwise system fails.
• Two types of real time OS:
1. Hard real time – missing an occasional deadline can cause any
permanent damage. Many of these are found in industrial
process control, car engine control system.
2. Soft real time – missing an occasional deadline does not
cause any permanent damage. Used in digital audio,
multimedia system.
• Examples: e-Cos.

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 15 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS (Cont…)
9. Smart card operating systems
• Smallest OS run on smart cards which are credit card sized devices
containing CPU chip.
• These OS are installed on electronic payments cards such as debit
card, credit card etc.
• They have limited processing power.
• Some smart cards are Java oriented. ROM on smart card holds an
interpreter for the JVM – small program.

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 16 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of OS (Revision)
1. Mainframe operating systems
2. Server operating systems
3. Multiprocessor operating systems
4. Personal computer operating systems
5. Handhelds computer operating systems
6. Embedded operating systems
7. Sensor node operating systems
8. Real time operating systems
9. Smart card operating systems

Unit – 1: Introduction to OS 17 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Okay – So Now What?
 OS - Wake up call

•When you turn on the power to

a PC, the first program that runs
is a set of instructions kept in
the computer's read-only
memory (ROM).
 OS - Wake up Call
•It checks to make sure
everything is functioning
properly.

•It checks the CPU, memory,

and basic input-output
systems (BIOS) for errors.
 OS – Wake up Call

•Once successful, the

software will begin to
activate the computer's
disk drives.

•It then finds the first piece

of the operating system:
the bootstrap loader.
 OS - Booting the PC
•The bootstrap loader is a
small program that has a
single function: It loads the
operating system into
memory and allows it to
begin operation.
 OS - Booting the PC
•The bootstrap loader sets up the
small driver programs that
interface with and control the
various hardware.

•It sets up the divisions of

• memory
• user information, and
• applications.
 OS - Booting the PC
•It establishes the data
structures needed to
communicate within
and between the
subsystems and
applications of the
computer.

•Then it turns control of

the computer over to
the operating system.
Windows Desktop

Your Desktop may

look like this…
Windows Desktop

…Or like this.

Windows Operating
System

27
 Introduction

 Developer: Microsoft
 Initial release: 20th November, 1985; (32 years ago, as version 1.0)
 Marketing target: Personal computing
 Available in 138 languages
 Default user interface: Windows shell
 License: Proprietary commercial software
 Official website: windows.microsoft.com
 What is meant by
Windows Operating System?
 A group of several graphical operating system families, all
of which are developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.
 As a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in
response to the growing interest in graphical user
interfaces
(GUIs).
 As of December 2017, the most recent version of Windows
for PCs, tablets, smartphones and embedded devices is
Windows 10.

 The most recent versions for server computers is Windows

Server 2016.
 History
&
Development
• Earlier, there were no operating systems
• Each user used the machine for a scheduled
period of time
• Often on punched paper cards and magnetic
• The program would be loaded into the machine,
and the machine would be set to work until the
program completed or crashed
• Then Windows introduced
 Windows Timeline

Windows 95 Windows 2000

Windows 1.0-2.0
1995 2000
1985-1992

1990-1994 1998 2001

Windows 3.0-3.1
Windows 98
Windows XP
 Windows Timeline(Contd.)

Windows 8
Windows Vista
2006 2012

2009
2015
Windows 7
Windows 10
 Windows 1.x

• Pure operating environment

• Used GUI(Graphical user
interface)
• Simple graphics
 Windows 2.x
• 16-bit Microsoft Windows GUI-
based operating environment
• Faster than 1.x
• Introduced the control panel
• Introduced first version on excel
and word
 Windows 3.x
• Operated with 8086
microprocessor
• Virtual memory
• Operated with 6-7 MB of free
space of hard drive
• Better multitasking
 Windows 95
• A complete operating system
• Improved windows control and
appearance
• Right button menu
• Task bar and start menu
 Windows XP

• Advanced portable PC support

• Automatic wireless connection
support
• Fast start-up
• Help and support center
• Better graphical user interface
 Windows 7
• Introduced a large number of
new features
• Incremental upgrade to the
Windows line
• Windows 7 has multi-touch
support
• redesigned Windows shell
with an updated taskbar
• a home networking system
called Home Group, and
performance improvements.
 Windows 8
• Optimizations for touch-based
• Devices such as tablets and all-in-one
pcs
• Increased integration with cloud
services
• Other online platforms (such as social
networks and microsoft's own onedrive
(formerly skydrive) and xbox live
services)
• The Windows Store service for
software distribution
 Windows 10
• Addresses shortcomings in the user
interface first introduced with
windows 8
• The return of the start menu
• A virtual desktop system
• The ability to run windows store apps
within windows on the desktop rather
than in full-screen mode
• Includes new icons and right-click
context menus, default printer
management, four times as many tiles
allowed in the start menu, find My
Device, and Edge updates.
Versions of Windows
 Application in Windows

 We can find almost all

types of application in
windows store. Which we
need in our daily life.
 Many applications like
Adobe Photoshop
Enterprise, Adobe Reader,
Facebook, Messenger,
Media Players etc can be
found in Windows Store.
 Most Common Features

 Program Execution

 Providing user interface

 Handling input/output operations

 Error handling

 Memory management

 Process management
 Functions of an operating system
1. Process management 3. Device management
 Code execution  Input / Output
 Context switching  Disk access
 Multitasking  Interrupt handling

2. Memory management
 Allocation
 Sharing
 Protection
 Virtual memory
 Compatibility

Any one can install any

types of software & games
into windows.
It is compatible of all
types of software & games.
 Security
• It is less secured than
other Operating System
due to its popularity.
• There are about 60,000
viruses known for
Windows.
• There are numerous
anti virus program in
windows.
 Popularity

Currently Windows
is the most popular OS
About 63.07% of
total user, uses
Windows Operating
System.
People like Windows
OS because of its Low
Price as well as the
GUI’s.
 Popularity (Cont.)
Now a days Windows Operating
System provides the highest amount
of vendors among all the Operating
System
Windows OS provides more than
50% of the total Vendors while Mac
OS X provides about 20% and
Linux provides about 25%.
LINUX OS
What is Linux
Linux is a Unix Clone
Multitasking environment
Linux is free
Anyone can download and compile
the source
The code can be modified by any
one, provided the modifications are
released by community
• Linux is not an os
• Linux is a kernel

• A kernel is a program that

allocates and control hardware
resources in a system.

• Linux distributions uses linux

kernel together with GNU
operating system.
But it's hard to learn
 Linux is much harder than Windows
 It's harder to use than Windows
 It lacks all those great automated
installation tools
 YOU have to manually configure
hardware There is lots of hardware out
there that just won't run in Linux
Linux Has Many Distributions
Some Linux Basics File System
Linux is much more hierarchal than Windows
Everything starts at the root
/
Boot -- contain the kernel and system map
Bin -- contains the basic system binaries Dev
all the device entries
Etc -- can't think of any other place to put it
Home--where all the Users live
Any Question
?
 Thank you
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