Lines, Planes and Angles

Lines,
Planes and
Angles
Historical Background of Geometry
The word geomuhetry is derived from the Greek words geos
(meaning earth) and metron (meaning measure).
The ancient Egyptian, Chinese, Babylonians, Romans and Greeks
used geometry for surveying, navigation, astronomy, and other
practical applications.
The Greeks sought to systematize the geometric facts they knew by
establishing logical reasons for them and relationships among them.
The work of men such as Thales (600 B.C), Pythagoras (540 B.C),
Plato (390 B.C) and Aristotle (350 B.C) in systematizing geometric
facts and principles culminated in the geometry text Elements, written
approximately 325 B.C by Euclid.
Undefined Terms in Geometry
Point
A point has a position only. It has no length, width, or thickness. A

point is represented by a dot. Keep in mind, however that the dot,
represents a point but is not a point, just as a dot on a map may represent
a locality but is not the locality. A dot, unlike a point, has size.
A point is designated by a capital letter next to the dot, thus, point A is
represented by:
Line
A line has length but has no width and thickness. A line is
designated by the capital letters of any two of its points or by a smaller
letter, thus:
A line may be straight, curved or combination of these. To understand
how lines differ, think of a line as being generated by a moving point. A
straight line such as is generated by a point moving in the same
direction. A curved line is generated by a
point moving in continuously changing direction.

Two lines intersect in a point. A straight line is unlimited in extent. It
may be extended in either direction indefinitely.
A ray is the part of a straight line beginning at a given point
and extending limitlessly in one direction.
A surface has length and width but no thickness. It may be

represented by blackboard, a side of a box, or the outside of a
sphere; remember, however, that these are representations of
a surface but are not surfaces.
A plane surface (or plane) is a surface such that a straight
line connecting any two of its points lies entirely in it. A
plane is a flat surface.

A straight line segment is a part of a straight line between
two of its points, called endpoints. It is designated by the
capital letters of these points with a bar over them or by a
small letter. Thus, or r represents the straight line segment
between A and B.

The expression straight line segment may be shortened to
line segment or to segment, if the meaning is clear. Thus,
and segment AB both mean “the straight line segment AB.
Dividing a Line Segment into Parts

If a line segment is divided into parts:
1. The length of the whole line segment equals the sum of the
lengths of its parts. Note that the length of is designated AB.
A number written beside a line segment designates its
length.
2. The length of the whole line segment is greater than the
length of any part.
Suppose is divided into 3 parts of lengths a, b and c; thus,
. Thus, AB = a + b + c. Also, AB is greater than a; this maybe
written as AB > a.
If a line segment is divided into two equal parts:
1. The point of division is the midpoint of the line segment.
2. A line that crosses at the midpoint is said to bisect the segment.

Because AM = BM in Fig. 1-1, M is the midpoint of and bisects .
Equal line segments may be shown by crossing them with the same
strokes.
3. If three points A, B and C lie on a line, then we say they
are collinear. If A, B and C are collinear, and AB + BC = AC,
then B is between A and C (see Fig 1-2).
Congruent Segments

Two line segments having the same length are said to be
congruent. Thus, if AB = CD, then is congruent to , written
as .
Point, Line, & Plane Postulates
• Identify postulates using diagrams.

• Identify and use basic postulates about points,
lines, and planes.
• A postulate or an axiom is a statement that is
accepted as true without proof.
Two Point Postulate
Through any two points there exists exactly

one line.
Line-Point Postulate
A line contains at least two points.
Line Intersection Postulate
If two lines intersect, then their intersection is at

exactly one point.
Three Point Postulate
Through any three non-collinear points, there
exists exactly one plane.
Plane Point Postulate
A plane contains at least three non-
collinear points.
Plane Line Postulate
If two points lie in a plane, then the line
containing them lies in the plane.
Plane Intersection Postulate
If two planes intersect, then their
intersection is a line.
Angles
An angle is the figure formed by two rays
with a common end point. The rays are
the sides of the angle, while the end point
is

its vertex. The symbol for angle is
Thus, and are the sides of the angle

shown Fig. 1-8(a) and A is its vertex.
Pairs of Angles
Kinds of Pairs of Angles
1. Adjacent Angles
- Adjacent angles are two angles having the same
vertex and a common side between them.
2. Vertical Angles
- Vertical angles are two non-adjacent angles formed by
two intersecting lines.
•3.
Complementary Angles
- Complementary angles are two angles whose
measures total .
•4.
Supplementary Angles
- Supplementary angles are two angles whose measures
total .
Principles of Pairs of Angles
•Principle
1: If an angle of is cut into two adjacent angles
of and b , then .
Principle 2: Vertical angles are congruent.
•Principle
3: If two complementary angles contain and ,
then .
Principle 4: Adjacent angles are complementary if their
exterior sides are perpendicular to each other.
•Principle
5: If two supplementary angles contain and ,
then .
Principle 6: Adjacent angles are supplementary if their
exterior sides lie in the same straight line.
Principle 7: If supplementary angles are congruent, each
of them is a right angle. (Equal supplementary angles are
right angles).
Exercises:
Exercises:
•Find
two angles such that:
a. The angles are supplementary and the larger is
twice the smaller.
b. The angles are complementary and the larger is
20 more than the smaller.
c. The angles are adjacent and form an angle of 120
The larger is 20 less than three times the smaller.
d. The angles are vertical and complementary.
Parallelism and
Perpendicularity
Parallel Lines
•Parallel
lines are straight lines which lie in the same
plane and do not intersect however far they are extended.
The symbol for parallelism is ||; thus is read “ is parallel
to . In diagrams, arrows are used to indicate that lines are
parallel.
•
A transversal of two or more lines is a line that
cut across these lines. Thus, is a transversal of
and .
The interior angles formed by two lines cut by a
transversal are the angles between the two lines,
while the exterior angles are those outside the
lines.
Pairs of angles formed by Two Lines Cut by a
Transversal
Corresponding angles of two lines cut by a transversal
are angles on the same side of the transversal and on the
same side of the lines.
When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the sides
of two corresponding angles form a capital F in varying
positions.
Alternate interior angles of two lines cut by a transversal are non
adjacent angles between the two lines and on opposite sides of the
transversal. When parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the sides of two
alternate interior angles form a capital Z or N in varying positions.
When parallel lines are cut by a transversal, interior
angles on the same side of the transversal can be readily
located by noting the capital letter U formed by their
sides.
Principles of Parallel Lines
Principle 1: Through a given point not a given line, one

and only one line can be drawn parallel to a given line.
(Parallel Line Postulate)
Proving that Lines are Parallel
Principle 2:Two lines are parallel if a pair of

corresponding angles are congruent.
Principle 3: Two lines are parallel if a pair of alternate

interior angles are congruent.
Principle 4: Two lines are parallel if a pair of interior

angles on the same side of a transversal are
supplementary.
Principle 5: Lines are parallel if they are perpendicular to

the same line. (Perpendiculars to the same line are
parallel).
Principle 6: Lines are parallel if they are parallel to the

same line. (Parallels to the same line are parallel).
Properties of Parallel Lines
Principle 7: If two lines are parallel, each pair of

corresponding angles are congruent. (Corresponding
angles of parallel lines are congruent).
Principle 8: If two lines are parallel, each pair of alternate

interior angles are congruent. (Alternate interior angles
of parallel lines are congruent).
Principle 9: If two lines are parallel, each pair of interior

angles on the same side of the transversal are
supplementary .
Principle 10: If lines are parallel, a line perpendicular to

one of them is perpendicular to others also.
Principle 11: If lines are parallel, a line parallel to one of

them is parallel to others also.
Principle 12: If the sides of two angles are respectively

parallel to each other, the angles are either congruent or
supplementary.

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Lines, Planes and Angles

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Lines,

A point has a position only. It has no length, width, or thickness. A

point moving in continuously changing direction.

A surface has length and width but no thickness. It may be

2. A line that crosses at the midpoint is said to bisect the segment.

• Identify postulates using diagrams.

Through any two points there exists exactly

If two lines intersect, then their intersection is at

Thus, and are the sides of the angle

Principle 1: Through a given point not a given line, one

Principle 2:Two lines are parallel if a pair of

Principle 3: Two lines are parallel if a pair of alternate

Principle 4: Two lines are parallel if a pair of interior

Principle 5: Lines are parallel if they are perpendicular to

Principle 6: Lines are parallel if they are parallel to the

Principle 7: If two lines are parallel, each pair of

Principle 8: If two lines are parallel, each pair of alternate

Principle 9: If two lines are parallel, each pair of interior

Principle 10: If lines are parallel, a line perpendicular to

Principle 11: If lines are parallel, a line parallel to one of

Principle 12: If the sides of two angles are respectively

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