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Imaginary and Complex Numbers

Imaginary numbers were invented to allow negative numbers to have square roots and to solve certain equations. Imaginary numbers are represented by i, where i2 = -1. Complex numbers consist of real and imaginary parts and can be expressed in polar form using magnitude and angle. Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided using their Cartesian and polar representations and following the standard rules while taking into account that i2 = -1.

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Zenonissya Galwan Batara
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208 views28 pages

Imaginary and Complex Numbers

Imaginary numbers were invented to allow negative numbers to have square roots and to solve certain equations. Imaginary numbers are represented by i, where i2 = -1. Complex numbers consist of real and imaginary parts and can be expressed in polar form using magnitude and angle. Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided using their Cartesian and polar representations and following the standard rules while taking into account that i2 = -1.

Uploaded by

Zenonissya Galwan Batara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Imaginary & Complex Numbers

Once upon a time…

-1 = no real solution
-In the set of real numbers, negative numbers do
not have square roots.

-Imaginary numbers were invented so that


negative numbers would have square roots and
certain equations would have solutions.

-These numbers were devised using an imaginary


unit named i.

i = -1
-The imaginary numbers consist of all numbers bi,
where b is a real number and i is the imaginary unit,
with the property that i² = -1.

-The first four powers of i establish an important


pattern and should be memorized.

Powers of i
i =i
1
i = -1
2
i = -i
3
i =1
4
i =1
4

i = -i
3
i

i = -1
2 Divide the exponent by 4
No remainder: answer is 1.
remainder of 1: answer is i.
remainder of 2: answer is –1.
remainder of 3:answer is –i.
Powers of i
1.) Find i23 = -i
2.) Find i2006 = -1
3.) Find i37 =i
4.) Find i828 =1
Complex Number System
Reals
Imaginary

Rationals i, 2i, -3-7i, etc.


(fractions, decimals)
Integers
(…, -1, -2, 0, 1, 2, …)

Irrationals
Whole (no fractions)
(0, 1, 2, …) pi, e

Natural
(1, 2, …)
Simplify. -Express these numbers in terms of i.

1.)
3.) -5 = -1*5 = -1 5 = i 5

4.) - -7 = - -1* 7 = - -1 7 = -i 7
2.)

3.)
5.) -99 = -1* 99 = -1 99
= i 3  3  11
= 3i 11
Try…
6. -7 = i 7

7. - -36 = -6i
8. -160 = 4i 10
To multiply imaginary numbers or
an imaginary number by a real
number, it is important first to
express the imaginary numbers in
terms of i.
Multiplying
9. 47i  2 = 94i
10. 2i  -5 = 2i  -1 5 = 2i  i 5
= 2i 2
5 = -2 5
11. - -3  -7 = -i 3  i 7 = -i 2
21

= -(-1) 21 = 21
Complex Numbers

a + bi
real imaginary
The complex numbers consist of all sums a + bi,
where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary
unit. The real part is a, and the imaginary part is bi.
Add or Subtract
7.)
12. 7i  9i = 16i

8.)
13. (-5  6i)  (2 - 11i) = -3 -5i

9.)
14. (2  3i ) - (4  2i) = 2  3i - 4 - 2i
= -2  i
Multiplying & Dividing
Complex Numbers
REMEMBER: i² = -1

Multiply
1) 3i  4i = 12i = 12(-1) = -12
2

2)  7i  2
= 7 i = 49( -1) = -49
2 2
Try…
3)
-7i  12i = -84i = -84(-1)
2

= 84
4)  - 11i  =  - 11  i  = 121(-1)
2 2 2

= -121
Multiply
5)  4  3i  7  2i 
= 28 8i 21i 6i
2

= 28  29i  6i 2

= 28  29i  6(-1)
= 28  29i - 6
= 22  29i
Try…
6)  2 - i  3  10i 
= 6  20i - 3i - 10i 2

= 6  17i - 10i 2

= 6  17i - 10 - 1
= 6  17i  10
= 16  17i
7)
 5  7i  5 - 7i 
= 25-35i 35i -49i 2

= 25 - 49(-1)
= 25  49
= 74
Conjugate
-The conjugate of a + bi is a – bi

-The conjugate of a – bi is a + bi
Find the conjugate of each number…
8) 3  4i 3 - 4i

9) -4 - 7i -4  7i
10) 5i -5i
11)6 6
Because 6  0i is the same as 6 - 0i
12)
Divide…
-5  9i 1  i -5 - 5i  9i  9i 2
=
1- i 1 i 1 i - i - i 2

-14  4i -14  4i
=
1- i 2 =
2
= -7  2i
Try…
13)
2 - 3i 3 - 5i 6 - 10i - 9i  15i 2
=
3  5i 3 - 5i 9 - 15i  15i - 25i 2

-9 - 19i -9 - 19i
= 2 =
9 - 25i 34
Complex Numbers – Graphically
The Argand diagram Modulus (magnitude) of z
Im(z)
r = mod z = |z| = x2+y2
y z=x+iy
r Argument (angle) of z

y
Re(z)  = arg z = arctan x , if x>0
x

x = r cos  Polar form of a complex number z


z = r (cos  + j sin 
y = r sin 
Complex Numbers – Polar Form
z1 = r1 (cos  + j sin  z2 = r2 (cos  + j sin 

 Multiplication
z1 z2 = r1r2 (cos ( + ) + j sin( + ))

|z1z2| = |z1| |z2| ; arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2)

Im(z)  Division
z1 r1
z2 = r2 (cos ( – ) + j sin( – ))
y z=x+iy
r
z1 |z1| z1
z2 = |z2| ; arg( z2 ) = arg(z1) – arg(z2)

Re(z)
x
Polar Multiplication Proof
Consider:
w1 = d1  cos 1  j sin 1  w2 = d 2  cos 2  j sin 2 
 Then
w1w2 = d1d 2  cos 1  j sin 1  cos 2  j sin 2 
= d1d 2  cos 1 cos 2  j cos 1 sin 2  j sin 1 cos 2  j 2 sin 1 sin 2 

 But j 2 = -1 Then factoring out j, & Grouping


w1w2 = d1d 2   cos 1 cos 2 - sin 1 sin 2   j  sin 1 cos 2  cos 1 sin 2  

 Recall cos  cos  - sin  sin  = cos    


Trig IDs sin  cos   cos  sin  = sin     
Polar Multiplication Proof cont

w1w2 = d1d 2   cos 1 cos 2 - sin 1 sin 2   j  sin 1 cos 2  cos 1 sin 2  

cos 1  2  sin  1  2 
 So Finally

w1w2 = d1d 2  cos 1  2   j sin  1  2  

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