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    Reflection and Refraction by Senjics

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    1. Reflection and refraction of light can be modeled using an analogy with a skateboard rolling from one surface to another. 2. The index of refraction is a ratio that describes how much light slows down when moving between materials, with higher indices corresponding to slower light. 3. Snell's law mathematically describes how a light ray bends when moving between materials, depending on the indices of refraction. It underlies phenomena like total internal reflection which enables applications like fiber optics.

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    Reflection and Refraction by Senjics

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    senjics
    81 views15 pages
    1. Reflection and refraction of light can be modeled using an analogy with a skateboard rolling from one surface to another. 2. The index of refraction is a ratio that describes how much light slows down when moving between materials, with higher indices corresponding to slower light. 3. Snell's law mathematically describes how a light ray bends when moving between materials, depending on the indices of refraction. It underlies phenomena like total internal reflection which enables applications like fiber optics.

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    1. Reflection and refraction of light can be modeled using an analogy with a skateboard rolling from one surface to another. 2. The index of refraction is a ratio that describes how much light slows down when moving between materials, with higher indices corresponding to slower light. 3. Snell's law mathematically describes how a light ray bends when moving between materials, depending on the indices of refraction. It underlies phenomena like total internal reflection which enables applications like fiber optics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    81 views15 pages

    Reflection and Refraction by Senjics

    Uploaded by

    senjics
    1. Reflection and refraction of light can be modeled using an analogy with a skateboard rolling from one surface to another. 2. The index of refraction is a ratio that describes how much light slows down when moving between materials, with higher indices corresponding to slower light. 3. Snell's law mathematically describes how a light ray bends when moving between materials, depending on the indices of refraction. It underlies phenomena like total internal reflection which enables applications like fiber optics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Reflection and Refraction

    Sengupta CS
    Axle Analogy
    Imagine you’re on a skateboard heading from the sidewalk toward some
    grass at an angle. Your front axle is depicted before and after entering the
    grass. Your right contacts the grass first and slows, but your left wheel is
    still moving quickly on the sidewalk. This causes a turn toward the normal.
    If you skated from grass to sidewalk, the same path would be followed. In
    this case your right wheel would reach the sidewalk first and speed up, but
    your left wheel would still be moving more slowly. The result this time
    would be turning away from the normal. Skating from sidewalk to grass is
    like light traveling from air to a more
    overhead view
    “optically dense” medium like glass
    or water. The slower light travels in
    the new medium, the more it bends
    toward the normal. Light traveling
    sidewalk
    from water to air speeds up and grass
    bends away from the normal. As
    with a skateboard, light traveling
    along the normal will change speed r
    but not direction.
    Index of Refraction, n
    The index of refraction of a substance is the ratio of the speed in light
    in a vacuum to the speed of light in that substance:
    c
    n=
    v
    Medium n
    n = Index of Refraction Vacuum 1
    c = Speed of light in vacuum Air (STP) 1.00029
    v = Speed of light in medium Water (20º C) 1.33
    Ethanol 1.36
    Glass ~1.5
    Note that a large index of refraction
    Diamond 2.42
    corresponds to a relatively slow
    light speed in that medium.
    i
    Snell’s Law ni
    nr
    r
    Snell’s law states that a ray of light bends in
    such a way that the ratio of the sine of the
    angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
    refraction is constant. Mathematically,
    ni sin i = nr sinr
    Here ni is the index of refraction in the original
    medium and nr is the index in the medium the
    light enters.  i and r are the angles of
    incidence and refraction, respectively.

    Willebrord
    Snell
    Snell’s Law Derivation Two parallel rays are shown.
    Points A and B are directly
    opposite one another. The top
    pair is at one point in time, and
    the bottom pair after time t.
    A 1 The dashed lines connecting
    n1 x
    • the pairs are perpendicular to
    A the rays. In time t, point A
    d
    • •B travels a distance x, while
    y
    point B travels a distance y.
    n2 •B sin1 = x / d, so x = d sin1
    sin2 = y / d, so y = d sin2
    2 Speed of A: v1 = x / t
    Speed of B: v2 = y / t

    Continued…
    Snell’s Law Derivation
    (cont.)
    A 1
    n1 x •
    A d
    • •B v1 x/ t x sin1
    y = = = So,
    n2 •B v2 y/ t y sin2

    2
    v1 / c sin1 1 / n1 sin1 n2
    =  = =
    v2 / c sin2 1 / n2 sin2 n1

     n1 sin1 = n2 sin2
    Refraction Problem #1
    Goal: Find the angular displacement of the ray after having passed
    through the prism. Hints: 1. Find the first angle of refraction
    using Snell’s law. 19.4712º
    2. Find angle ø. (Hint: Use
    Geometry skills.)
    79.4712º
    Air, n1 = 1 3. Find the second angle of
    incidence.
    30
    4. Find the second angle of
    10.5288º
    °
    refraction, , using Snell’s Law
    Horiz. ray,
    parallel to
    ø
    base  15.9º

    Glass, n2 = 1.5
    Refraction Problem #2
    Goal: Find the distance the light ray displaced due to the thick
    window and how much time it spends in the glass. Some hints are
    given.
    20º 1 1. Find 1 (just for fun). 20º
    H20 2. To show incoming & outgoing
    n1 = 1.3 rays are parallel, find .
    20º
    3. Find d.
    0.504
    4. Find the time the m
    light spends in
    glass
    10m the glass.
    n2 = 1.5 Extra practice: Find  if bottom
    5.2 · 10-8 s
    medium is replaced with air.
    d
     H20

    26.4º
    Refraction Problem #3
    Goal: Find the exit angle relative to the horizontal.

     = 19.8°
    36
    °

    air

    glass =?

    The triangle is isosceles.


    Incident ray is horizontal,
    parallel to the base.
    Reflection Problem
    Goal: Find incident angle relative to horizontal so that reflected ray
    will be vertical.

     =
    10º

    50º

    center of
    semicircular mirror
    with horizontal base
    Brewster Angle
    The Brewster angle is the angle of incidence the produces reflected
    and refracted rays that are perpendicular.
    From Snell, n1 sinb = n2 sin.
    n2 
    α = b since  +  = 90º, 
    and b +  = 90º. 
    n1
    β =  since  +  = 90º, b b
    and  +  = 90º. Thus,
    n1 sinb = n2 sin = n2 sin = n2 cosb

    tanb = n2 /n1 Sir David


    Brewster
    Critical Angle
    The incident angle that causes nr
    the refracted ray to skim right
    ni
    along the boundary of a c
    substance is known as the critical
    angle, c. The critical angle is the
    angle of incidence that produces From Snell,
    an angle of refraction of 90º. If n1 sinc = n2 sin 90
    the angle of incidence exceeds
    the critical angle, the ray is Since sin 90 = 1, we
    completely reflected and does have n1 sinc = n2 and
    not enter the new medium. A the critical angle is
    critical angle only exists when
    light is attempting to penetrate a n
    c = sin -1 r
    medium of higher optical density
    than it is currently traveling in. ni
    Critical Angle Sample Problem
    Calculate the critical angle for the diamond-air boundary.
    Refer to the Index of Refraction chart for the information.

    air c = sin-1 (nr / ni)


    diamond
    = sin-1 (1 / 2.42)
    c = 24.4
    Any light shone on this
    boundary beyond this angle
    will be reflected back into the
    diamond.
    Total Internal Reflection
    Total internal reflection occurs when light attempts to pass
    from a more optically dense medium to a less optically dense
    medium at an angle greater than the critical angle. When this
    occurs there is no refraction, only reflection.

    n1 n2 > n 1
    n2   > c

    Total internal reflection can be used for practical applications


    like fiber optics.
    Fiber Optics
    Fiber optic lines are strands of glass or
    transparent fibers that allows the transmission
    of light and digital information over long
    distances. They are used for the telephone
    system, the cable TV system, the internet,
    medical imaging, and mechanical engineering
    spool of optical fiber inspection.

    Optical fibers have many advantages over


    copper wires. They are less expensive,
    thinner, lightweight, and more flexible. They
    aren’t flammable since they use light signals
    instead of electric signals. Light signals from
    one fiber do not interfere with signals in
    nearby fibers, which means clearer TV A fiber optic wire
    reception or phone conversations.
    Continued…

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