Astrand Test

ASTRAND TEST
intro
• History
• Vo2
• Maximal vs submaximal
• Protocol
• Prerequisite
• Test
• Interferance
• conclusion
INTRO
• Astrand test is used to measure vo2 max by submaximal as
well as maximal protocol.
 A maximum rate at which an individual can consume O2
during maximal exertion.
 Expressed as the maximum volume of oxygen

consumed/min
 Absolute: litres per min (L/min)
 Relative: milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min)

VO2 max depends on
 3 systems: Pulmonary, Cardiovascular, Muscular
 Cardiac output: stoke volume, heart rate, peripheral resistance
 Muscle blood flow: capillary density
 Hemoglobin content (oxygen-carrying red pigment of the red blood corpuscles)
 Muscle mass
 Muscle fiber type
 Oxygen extraction: muscle mitochondrial density, oxidative enzymes
 Pulmonary function
HISTORY
• Per-Olof Astrand was a swedish professor of
physiology at royal gymnastic in stockholm
• Founding fathers of modern exercise
physiology
• Developed astrand- ryhming cycle ergometer
test in 1954 in collaboration with his wife Irma
ryhming
Methods to measure vo2 max
• SubMaximal tests- HR response to the given
level of treadmill or cycle ergometer power
output is used to estimate vo2
• Maximal test(volitinal exhaustion)- directly
from expired gases or estimated from power
output .
• Walking and running field tests
• Non-exercise test
Sub maximal
• Treadmill
• Cycle ergometer
• Submaximal tests provide a less accurate , but
safer method of estimating vo2 max .
• Submaximal test estimates vo2 max from sub
maxi mal heart rate and power output
protocol
• Mechanical and electronically braked cycle
ergometer are used to measure vo2 max
• (a) Placing more resistance on the flywheel
• (b) Increase pedaling speed (rpm)
• Power output increased by placing more
resistance on the flywheel
SCALE SETTING (kp) kpm /min
1 300
1.5 450
2 600
2.5 750
3 900
3.5 1050
4 1200
4.5 1350
5 1500
VO2 max
 A maximum rate at which an individual can consume O2
during maximal exertion.
 Expressed as the maximum volume of oxygen

consumed/min
 Absolute: litres per min (L/min)
 Relative: milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min)
 1 MET = metabolic equivalent = A unit used to estimate the

metabolic cost oxygen consumption) of physical activity =
3.6 ml O2/kg/min
MET
• Oxygen consumption is also expressed in MET
• MET is a vo2 of 3.5 ml.kg/min , the amount of
oxygen used in rest.
• The unit of MET quantify oxygen uptake in
multiple above resting .
• Astrand in 1986 report a linear increase in
oxygen uptake with a linear increase in power
output.
• As power output increases , the exercising
muscle require more oxygen.
CYCLE ERGOMETER
• Power output is changed by increasing the
resistance place on flywheel , altering the
pedaling rate , or a combination of both .
• Power output of cycle ergometer is expressed
in kilopond meters of work per minute
(kmp/min) watts , and vo2 (ml/min).
• Vo2 is a point at which increased power
output does not produce an increase in
oxygen uptake.
INCREMENTAL
• ASTRAND
• YMCA
• BRUCE
• NAUGHTON
Protocol
• Astrand submaximal test is an accurate &
widely used test to estimate maximal oxygen
consumption
• Test requires a participent to maintain a
appropriatie submaximal workload and
measuring steady state heart rate over 6 min
• The workload & heart rate is compared to the
predicted relationship and VO2 is computed
Conti---
• Workload varies 300-1500 kpm/min
• The workload selection is a preformed
manually during the first two min of test.
• The workload should be diff enough to elicit a
steady heart rate of at least 120 bpm
• If high workload is applied , indl may not be
able to complete the minimum of six min
necessory to reach steady state conditions.
• The VO2 is obtained through
• Predicted vo2 max from heart rate and
workload
• This estimate is then multiplied by a factor
which is related to the age of the subject
Workload - HR relation
• Maxi HR = 220-Age ( years)
• Target hr ( default) = 120 bpm , can be
changed to suit training program
• The maxi target HR that can be set is 90 % of
calculated max HR (220-Age)
Sec criteria for VO2 max
• A plateau in vo2 despite increases in workload
• Supplemented criteria
• An R value > 1.10
• A 5 min post exercise blood lactate of > 8 -10
mmol/L
INCREMENTAL PROTOCOL
• A series of workloads which are constantly
increasing with time . Under control of the
incremental , the ergometer exercises the
subject to a maximum workload . The rate at
which the workload rises is presetable.
Maximal oxygen uptake
ALSO CALLED:
• VO2 max
• Peak aerobic power
• Maximal aerobic power
• Maximum voluntary oxygen consumption
• Cardio-respiratory aerobic capacity
• Maximal cardio-respiratory fitness
• Maximal functional aerobic capacity
Factors affecting VO2 max
• Heredity
• Age
• Sex
• Body size and composition
• Training status
• Types of muscle fibers used during the exercise
• Altitude
• Temperature
Advantages
• Inexpensive
• No training required
• Short duration
• Safety because of submaximal effort
• VO2 can be estimated
• HR and BP can be monitored

Disadvantages
• Max HR and BP are not measured
• VO2max is not measured directly
• Limited usefulness
Assumptions made in VO2 max predictions
• Linearity of HR-VO2 relationship
• Similar maximum HR for all subjects
• Assumed constant economy or mechanical efficiency

during exercise
• Small day to day variations in HR (+/- 5 bpm)
• Method is with 10-20 of real values, good for screening

Relationship between HR and VO2
Pre-test screening
• Be sure to carefully follow ALL procedures in lab
manual
• Subject must answer NO to all questions on PAR-

Q (physical activity Readiness Questionnaire) and
sign it in order to carry on with testing
• Subject must complete the submaximal testing

readiness questionnaire
ASTRAND PROTOCOL
• Constant speed at 5 mph .after 3 min at
0 %grade , the grade increases 2.5 % every 2
min
Prediction based on heart rate
• Essentially linear relationship b/w heart rate &
oxygen relationship (vo2) during increasing
intensities of light to relative intense aerobic
activity.
• HR-VO2 line is then extended to an assumed
maximum heart rate for the subject rate
• EXTRAPOLATION of the HR-VO2 line to the
assumed maximum heart rate
vo2 by sub maximal rely on validity of
factors
• Linearity of heart rate – oxygen consumption
or exercise intensity relationship
• Similar heart rate for all subjects – variation 10
b/min at same age
• Dat to day heart rate variations – 5 b/min
during submaximal exercise.

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ASTRAND TEST

 Expressed as the maximum volume of oxygen

 Absolute: litres per min (L/min)

 Relative: milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min)

 Cardiac output: stoke volume, heart rate, peripheral resistance

 Muscle blood flow: capillary density

 Hemoglobin content (oxygen-carrying red pigment of the red blood corpuscles)

 Muscle fiber type

 Oxygen extraction: muscle mitochondrial density, oxidative enzymes

 Expressed as the maximum volume of oxygen

 Absolute: litres per min (L/min)

 Relative: milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min)

 1 MET = metabolic equivalent = A unit used to estimate the

• Safety because of submaximal effort

• VO2 can be estimated

• HR and BP can be monitored

• Max HR and BP are not measured

• VO2max is not measured directly

• Linearity of HR-VO2 relationship

• Similar maximum HR for all subjects

• Assumed constant economy or mechanical efficiency

• Small day to day variations in HR (+/- 5 bpm)

• Method is with 10-20 of real values, good for screening

• Subject must answer NO to all questions on PAR-

• Subject must complete the submaximal testing

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