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Circulatory System

The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body using the heart as a pump and a network of blood vessels. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The closed circulatory system of vertebrates uses a four-chambered heart to fully separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to efficiently meet the high metabolic demands of these organisms.

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Adonai Jireh Dionne Balite
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170 views44 pages

Circulatory System

The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body using the heart as a pump and a network of blood vessels. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The closed circulatory system of vertebrates uses a four-chambered heart to fully separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to efficiently meet the high metabolic demands of these organisms.

Uploaded by

Adonai Jireh Dionne Balite
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Circulatory System

Transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

By: Assoc. Prof.


Amal A.E. Ibrahim
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Northern Border University, Ar’ar, KSA
Properties and
Functions
Properties
 Circulatory systems generally have three main
properties:
 Fluid (the blood) that transports materials
 Network System ( composed of blood vessels and
capillaries)
 A muscular Pump (the heart) to pump the fluid
through the vessels
Types of circulatory systems
 Animals that have a circulatory system have one of
two kinds:
 Open: fluid is circulated through an open body
chamber. e.g.: Arthoropods and most molluscs.
 Closed: fluid is circulated through blood vessels.
e.g.: vertebrates, earthworms, squids and octopuses.
Open system
 Hemolymph is
contained in a
body cavity,
the hemocoel.
 Vessels are
open ended.
 A series of
hearts
circulates the
fluid.
Closed system
 Blood is moved
through blood
vessels by the
heart’s action.
 Blood is confined
in vessels. The
vessels are close
ended.
 It does not come
in direct contact
with body organs.
Blood
Blood Components
 Blood is made up of four major
components:
 Plasma: the liquid portion (90% water).
 Red blood corpuscles (Erythrocytes).
 White blood cells (Leucocytes).
 Platelets.
Plasma

• Liquid portion of the blood (90% water).


• Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies,
dissolved gases, nutrients and waste
Red blood corpuscles (RBCs)
 RBCs lose their nuclei at
maturity.
 RBCs can not repair
themselves
 Make up about 99% of the
blood’s cellular component.
 They are red color, due to
the presence of
hemoglobin.
 Transport O2 to tissues and
remove CO2 from tissues
Hemoglobin
 Hemoglobin is a protein
complex made up of four
protein strands called
globin, plus iron-rich
groups called heme.
 Each hemoglobin
molecule can carry four
oxygen atoms. The
presence of oxygen turns
hemoglobin bright red.
RBC life span
 RBCs live about 4 months (120 days).

 Iron from hemoglobin is recycled in the liver


and spleen.

 The Erythropoietin hormone (EPO), made by


the kidneys, stimulates the production of RBCs
in red bone marrow.
White blood cells (WBCs)
 White blood cells
defend against disease
by recognizing
proteins that do not
belong to the body.
 White cells are able to
ooze through the
walls of capillaries to
patrol the tissues and
reach the lymph
system.
• WBCs are of five
types:

• Neutrophils.

• Lymphocytes.

• Eosinophils.

• Basophils.

• Monocytes.
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
 Platelets are cell
fragments used in
blood clotting.
 Platelets are derived
from megakaryocytes
in bone marrow.
 Because they lack a
nucleus, platelets have
a short lifespan, usually
about 10 days.
Blood clotting
 Platelets aggregate at the
site of a wound.
 Broken cells and platelets
release chemicals to
stimulate thrombin
production.
 Thrombin converts the
protein fibrinogen into
sticky fibrin, which binds
the clot.
Blood vessel types
 Blood vessels fall into three major types:
 Arteries and arterioles: these type carry blood
away from the heart.
 Veins and venules: these type carry blood to
the heart.
 Capillaries: these allow exchange of nutrients,
wastes and gases.
Arteries
 Arteries are thick-
walled, and lined
with smooth
muscle.
 This structure help
artery to do its
function.
Arterioles
 Arterioles branch off of arteries.
 Arterioles can constrict to direct and control
blood flow. They may, for example, increase or
decrease blood supply to the skin.

 The skin turns red when the body is hot.


 A person’s face turns pale with fright.
Capillaries
 Body tissues contain a
vast network of thin
capillaries.
 Capillary walls are only
one cell thick, allowing
exchange of gases,
nutrients, and wastes.
 Capillaries are so fine
that RBCs must line up
single-file to go through
them.
Venules
 Venules are thin-walled collectors of blood.
 Low pressure in the venules allows the capillary beds
to drain into them.
Veins
 Veins have thinner walls
than arteries.
 Veins have fewer smooth
muscle cells.
 Veins have valves, allowing
the blood to flow in one-
way direction.
• All arteries carry blood rich in O2 except
Pulmonary arteries- transport blood to
lungs

• All veins carry blood rich in CO2 except


Pulmonary veins- transport oxygenated
blood to hear
Atherosclerosis
 LDL cholesterol forms
plaques in arteries,
triggering
inflammation.
 The immune system
forms a hard cap over
the plaque, partially
blocking the artery.
 Caps can rupture,
creating clots that can
close off an artery.
Heart
The Vertebrate Heart
 Vertebrate hearts are separated into two types of
chambers
 Atria (singular: atrium): receive blood from body or
lungs. Contractions of the atria send blood through a
valve to the ventricles.
 Ventricles: receive blood from atria, contract to send
blood to body or lungs.
 The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to
the body while the right side of the heart pumps
deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen can be
absorbed by the hemoglobin carrying red blood cells
(a) Two-chambered heart
 The simplest vertebrate
heart is the two-
chambered heart, seen
in fish.
 A single atrium receives
blood from the body
cells.
 A ventricle sends blood
to the gills to collect
oxygen.
(b) Three-chambered heart
 Separate atria allow some
separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood,
which was an advantage for
land organisms (reptiles,
amphibians).
 Though blood can mix in
the ventricle, mixing is
minimal.
 Some reptiles have partial
separation of the ventricle.
(c) Four-chambered heart
 The four-chambered
heart, seen in birds and
mammals.
 This type of heart allows
complete separation of
oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
 Complete separation is
necessary to support a fast
metabolism found in
homeotherms.
Pulmonary circuit
The blood pathway
between the right side
of the heart, to the
lungs, and back to the
left side of the heart.

Systemic circuit
The pathway between
the left and right sides
of the heart.
“Dual pump” operation
The pulmonary & Systemic Circuits

The four-chambered heart acts as two pumps.


Heart Anatomy
Pathway of the blood
Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
To the bodies organs & cells
Keeping Time
 The sinoatrial (SA)
node is nervous tissue
that times heart beats.
 The SA node causes
atria to contract, and
sends the signal to the
atrioventricular (AV)
node.
 AV signal the ventricles
to contract.
Heart Wall
Three layers of tissue 
Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth 
outer surface of heart
Myocardium: Middle layer composed of 
cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart
contracting
Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart 
chambers
Cardiac Muscle
 Elongated, branching cells
containing 1-2 centrally
located nuclei
 Contains actin and myosin
myofilaments
 Intercalated disks:
Specialized cell-cell
contacts.
 Desmosomes hold cells
together and gap junctions
allow action potentials
 Electrically, cardiac muscle
behaves as single unit
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular
Tricuspid
Bicuspid or
mitral

Semilunar
Aortic
Pulmonary

Prevent blood
from flowing back
Blood pressure
 Systolic pressure = pressure result
of the contraction of ventricle
(normal 110-140).
 Diastolic pressure = pressure
between heart beats (relaxation of
ventricle) (normal 70-90).
 Systolic and diastolic are called
the cardiac cycle.
 An example is 120/80 (systolic
pressure/diastolic pressure.
Heart Sounds
 First heart sound or “lubb”
 Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid
vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular
systole
 Second heart sound or “dupp”
 Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary
semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole,
lasts longer
 Third heart sound (occasional)
 Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and
detected near end of first one-third of diastole
Functions of the Heart
 Transport materials needed by cells
 Oxygen
 Glucose
 Remove waste materials from cells
 Carbon dioxide
 urea
Functions of the Heart
 Generating blood pressure
 Routing blood
 Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
 Ensuring one-way blood flow
 Heart valves ensure one-way flow
 Regulating blood supply
 Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
Functions of the Heart
Heart Homeostasis
 Effect of blood pressure
 Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure
 Effect of pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen
 Chemoreceptors monitor
 Effect of extracellular ion concentration
 Increase or decrease in extracellular K+ decreases heart
rate
 Effect of body temperature
 Heart rate increases when body temperature increases,
heart rate decreases when body temperature decreases
Disorders of the Circulatory System
 Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count

 Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing


anemia

 Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen


in thrombocytes

 Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve


problems

 Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become


blocked with plaque, also called myocardial infarction

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