Cellular Respiration: Biology

BIOLOGY
Chapter 8: pp. 133-149

10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Cellular Respiration
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
e–
NADH
Insert figure 8.2 here e–

NADH e–
e–
NADH and
Cytoplasm e– FADH2 Mitochondrion
e–
e–
Glycolysis Electron transport

Preparatory reaction Citric acid chain and
glucose pyruvate cycle chemiosmosis
2 ADP
2 ADP
4 ADP 4 ATP total
2 ATP net gain 2 ADP 2 ATP 32 ADP 32 ATP

or 34 or 34
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Outline
 Cellular Respiration
 NAD+ and FAD
 Phases of Cellular Respiration
 Glycolysis
 Fermentation
 Preparatory Reaction
 Citric Acid Cycle
 Electron Transport System
 Metabolic Pool
 Catabolism
 Anabolism
2
 A cellular process that breaks down carbohydrates and
other metabolites with the concomitant buildup of ATP
 Consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Cellular respiration is aerobic process.
 Usually involves breakdown of glucose to CO2 and water

 Energy extracted from glucose molecule:
 Released step-wise
 Allows ATP to be produced efficiently
 Oxidation-reduction enzymes include NAD+ and FAD as

coenzymes
3
Glucose Breakdown: Summary Reaction
Oxidation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose
Reduction
 Electrons are removed from substrates and

received by oxygen, which combines with
H+ to become water.
 Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
4
NAD+ and FAD
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
 Called a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction. It can:
 Oxidize a metabolite by accepting electrons
 Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons
 Each NAD+ molecule used over and over again
 FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
 Also a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction
 Sometimes used instead of NAD+ (Reduced
form:NADH)
 Accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H+) to
become FADH2
5
H2 O O2 and glucose enter cells,

which release H2O and CO2.
CO2
intermembrane
space
cristae Mitochondria use
energy from
glucose to form ATP
from ADP + P .
P ATP
ADP +
© E. & P. Bauer/zefa/Corbis; (Bread, wine, cheese, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, photographer; (Yogurt, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M.
Johnson, photographer
6
Phases of Cellular Respiration
 Cellular respiration includes four phases:

 Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into
two molecules of pyruvate ( 3 carbon
compound)
 Occurs in cytosol
 ATP is formed
 Does not utilize oxygen
 Transition (preparatory) reaction

 Both pyruvates are oxidized and enter mitochondria
 Electron energy is stored in NADH
 Two carbons are released as CO2 (one from each
pyruvate)
7
Phases of Cellular Respiration
 Citric acid cycle
 Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion and
produces NADH and FADH2
 In series of reaction releases 4 carbons as CO2
 Turns twice (once for each pyruvate)
 Produces two immediate ATP molecules per
glucose molecule
 Electron transport chain
 Extracts energy from NADH & FADH2
 Passes electrons from higher to lower energy states
 Produces 32 or 34 molecules of ATP
8
Glucose Breakdown: Overview of 4 Phases
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
e–
NADH
NADH e–
e–
e– NADH and
e–
e–

2 ATP
2 ATP
4 ADP 4 ATP total

or 34 or 34
9
Glucose Breakdown: Glycolysis
 Occurs in cytoplasm outside mitochondria
 Energy Investment Steps:
 Two ATP are used to activate glucose
 Glucose splits into two G3P molecules
 Energy Harvesting Steps:
 Oxidation of G3P occurs by removal of electrons and
hydrogen ions
 Two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by
NAD+ resulting two NADH
 Four ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
 Net gain of two ATP
 Both G3Ps converted to pyruvates
10
Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Glycolysis
inputs outputs
glucose 2 pyruvate
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 ATP 2 ADP
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP total
2 ATP net gain
11
Substrate-level ATP Synthesis
enzyme
ADP
BPG
ATP
3PG
12
Glycolysis
e–
NADH
NADH e–
e– e–
NADH and
e– FADH2
e–
e–

Citric acid
Preparatory reaction chain and
glucose pyruvate cycle
chemiosmosis
Matrix
2 ATP
2 ATP
4 ADP 4 ATP total
2 ATP net
2 ADP 2 ATP 32 ADP 32 ATP NADH
or 34 or 34
NAD +
citrate CO2
C6
1. The cycle begins when
an acetyl group carried by Co A
CoA combines with a C4 2. Twice over, substrates
molecule to form citrate. are oxidized as NAD+ is
reduced to NADH,
ketoglutarate and CO2 is released.
C5
acetyl CoA
Citric acid NAD+
oxaloacetate cycle
C4
NADH
NADH
succinate
5. Once again a substrate C4 CO2
is oxidized, and NAD + NAD+
is reduced to NADH. fumarate
C4
FAD
ATP
4. Again a substrate is 3. ATP is produced as an

oxidized, but this time energized phosphate is
FAD is reduced to FADH2. FADH2 transferred from a substrate
to ADP.
13
Glycolysis
enzyme
ADP
BPG
ATP
3PG
14
Animation
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15
Pyruvate
 Pyruvate is a pivotal metabolite in cellular
respiration
 If O2 is not available to the cell,
fermentation, an anaerobic process,
occurs in the cytoplasm.
 During fermentation, glucose is incompletely
metabolized to lactate, or to CO2 and alcohol
(depending on the organism).
 If O2 is available to the cell, pyruvate enters
mitochondria by aerobic process.
16
Fermentation
 An anaerobic process that reduces pyruvate to either
lactate or alcohol and CO2
 NADH passes its electrons to pyruvate
 Alcoholic fermentation, carried out by yeasts,
produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
 Used in the production of alcoholic spirits and breads.
 Lactic acid fermentation, carried out by certain
bacteria and fungi, produces lactic acid (lactate)
 Used commercially in the production of cheese, yogurt, and
sauerkraut.
 Other bacteria produce chemicals anaerobically,
including isopropanol, butyric acid, proprionic acid, and
acetic acid.
17
Fermentation
glucose
2 ATP 2 ATP
2 ADP
G3P
2 NAD+
2 NADH
BPG
4 ADP
+4 ATP 4 ATP
pyruvate
or
2 ATP (net gain) 2 CO2
2 lactate or 2 alcohol
18
Animation

19
Animation

Fermentation
 Advantages
 Provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular
activity.
 Disadvantages
 Lactate is toxic to cells.
 Lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue.
 Oxygen debt and cramping
 Efficiency of Fermentation
 Two ATP produced per glucose of molecule during
fermentation is equivalent to 14.6 kcal.
21
Products of Fermentation
© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
22
23
24
Efficiency of Fermentation
Fermentation
inputs outputs
glucose 2 lactate or
2 alcohol and 2
CO2
2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP net gain
25
The Preparatory (Prep) Reaction
 Connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle
 End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the

mitochondrial matrix
 Pyruvate converted to 2-carbon acetyl group

 Attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA
 Electron picked up (as hydrogen atom) by NAD+
 CO2 released, and transported out of mitochondria into

the cytoplasm
26
Preparatory Reaction
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
O OH
C CoA
2 C O + 2 CoA 2 C O + 2 CO2
CH CH 3 carbon
pyruvate
3 acetyl CoA dioxide
2 pyruvate + 2 CoA 2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbon

dioxide
27
Animation

28
Mitochondrion: Structure & Function
Cristae: location
of the electron
transport chain
(ETC)
Matrix: location
of the prep
reaction and the
citric acid cycle
outer
membrane
inner
membrane
cristae
intermembrane matrix
space
45,000
© Dr. Donald Fawcett and Dr. Porter/Visuals Unlimited
29
Glucose Breakdown: The Citric Acid Cycle
 A.K.A. Krebs cycle

 Occurs in matrix of mitochondria
 Begins by the addition of a two-carbon acetyl
group to a four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate),
forming a six-carbon molecule (citric acid)
 NADH, FADH2 capture energy rich electrons
 ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation
 Turns twice for one glucose molecule.
 Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
(per glucose molecule)
30
The Citric Acid Cycle
NADH
NADH
NADH and
FADH2
Glycolysis Citric acid Electron transport

Preparatory reaction cycle chain and
glucose pyruvate chemiosmosis
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP 4 ATP total

2 ATP net ATP NADH
2 ADP 2 32 ADP
32 ATP
or 34 NAD+
or 34
citrate CO2
C6
1. The cycle begins when
an acetyl group carried by CoA
CoA combines with a C4 2. Twice over, substrates
molecule to form citrate. are oxidized as NAD+ is
reduced to NADH,
ketoglutarate and CO2 is released.
C5
acetyl CoA Citric acid
cycle NAD+
oxaloacetate
C4
NADH
NADH
succinate
5. Once again a substrate C4
is oxidized, and NAD+ CO2
NAD+ fumarate
is reduced to NADH.
C4
FAD
ATP
4. Again a substrate is 3. ATP is produced as an

oxidized, but this time energized phosphate is
FAD is reduced to FADH2. FADH2 transferred from a substrate
to ADP.
Animation

32
Citric Acid Cycle: Balance Sheet
Citric acid cycle

inputs outputs
2 acetyl groups 4
6 NAD+ 2CO2
2 FAD 6 NADH
2FADH2
2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
 Location:
 Eukaryotes: cristae of the mitochondria
 Aerobic Prokaryotes: plasma membrane
 Series of carrier molecules:
 Pass energy rich electrons successively from one to another
 Complex arrays of protein and cytochromes
 Cytochromes are respiratory molecules
 Complex carbon rings with metal atoms in center
 Receives electrons from NADH & FADH2
 Produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
 Oxygen serves as a final electron acceptor
 Oxygen ion combines with hydrogen ions to form water
34
 The fate of the hydrogens:
 Hydrogens from NADH deliver enough energy to
make 3 ATPs
 Those from FADH2 have only enough for 2 ATPs
 “Spent” hydrogens combine with oxygen
 Recycling of coenzymes increases efficiency
 Once NADH delivers hydrogens, it returns (as NAD+)
to pick up more hydrogens
 However, hydrogens must be combined with oxygen to
make water
 If O2 not present, NADH cannot release H
 No longer recycled back to NAD+
35
e–
NADH
NADH e–
e– e–
NADH and
e– FADH2
e–
e–

2 ATP
2 ATP
4 ADP 4 ADP total
2 ADP net 2 ADP 2 ADP 32 or ADP 32 or ADP

34 34
NADH +H+
e-
NAD+ + 2H+
NADH-Q
reductase
P
2e-
ATP made by
chemiosmosis
e-
coenzyme Q
FADH2
2e- FAD + 2H+
cytochrome
reductase
ADP + P
2e-
ATP made by
chemiosmosis
cytochrome
c
2e-
cytochrome
oxidase
ADP + P
2e-
ATP made by
2 H+ chemiosmosis
1/
2 O2 H2O
36
Organization of Cristae
e–
NADH
NADH e–
–
e– NADH and
e
–
FADH2
–
e –
e
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP 4 ATP total
2 ATP net 2 ADP 2 ATP 32 or ADP 32 or34 ATP

34
Electron transport chain
NADH-Q
reductase
cytochrome
H+ reductase cytochrome c
H+
coenzyme Q cytochrome
oxidase
H+
FADH2
FAD
H+ + H+ 2 H+
NAD+ 2 H+ H+
NADH
H2O 1/
2O2 H+
H+ ADP + P
Matrix H+
H+
ATP Intermembrane
synthase space
complex H+
ATP H+ H+
channel
protein Chemiosmosis
37
Animation

38
Glucose Catabolism: Overall Energy Yield
 Net yield per glucose:

 From glycolysis – 2 ATP
 From citric acid cycle – 2 ATP
 From electron transport chain – 32 ATP
 Energy content:
 Reactant (glucose) 686 kcal
 Energy yield (36 ATP) 263 kcal
 Efficiency 39%; balance is waste heat
39
Overall Energy Yielded per Glucose
Molecule
glucose
Cytoplasm
glycolysis
2 ATP
net NADH
2 4 or 6 ATP
2 pyruvate
Electron transport chain

2 NADH 6 ATP
2 acetyl CoA
Mitochondrion
2 CO2
6 NADH 18 ATP
Citric acid
cycle
2 ATP
2 FADH 4 ATPP
4 CO2 2
6 6 H2O
O2
subtotal subtotal
4 ATP 32 ATP
or 34
36 or 38 ATP
total
40
Metabolic Pool: Catabolism
 Foods:
 Sources of energy rich molecules
 Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
 Degradative reactions (Catabolism) break down
molecules
 Tend to be exergonic (release energy)
 Synthetic reactions (anabolism) build molecules
 Tend to be endergonic (consume energy)
41
The Metabolic Pool Concept
proteins carbohydrates fats
amino glucose glycerol fatty

acids acids
Glycolysis ATP
pyruvate
acetyl CoA
Citric
acid ATP
cycle
Electron
transport ATP
chain
© C Squared Studios/Getty Images.
42
Animation

43
Metabolic Pool: Catabolism
 Glucose is broken down in cellular respiration.
 Fat breaks down into glycerol and three fatty
acids.
 Amino acids break down into carbon chains and
amino groups
 Deaminated (NH2 removed) in liver
 Results in poisonous ammonia (NH3)
 Quickly converted to urea
 Different R-groups from AAs processed differently
 Fragments enter respiratory pathways at many
different points
44
Metabolic Pool: Anabolism
 All metabolic reactions part of metabolic pool
 Intermediates from respiratory pathways can be
used for anabolism
 Anabolism (build-up side of metabolism):
 Carbs:
 Start with acetyl-CoA
 Basically reverses glycolysis (but different pathway)
 Fats
 G3P converted to glycerol
 Acetyls connected in pairs to form fatty acids
 Note – dietary carbohydrate RARELY converted to fat in
humans!
45
Metabolic Pool: Anabolism
 Anabolism (cont.):
 Proteins:
 Made up of combinations of 20 different amino
acids
 Some amino acids (11) can be synthesized from
respiratory intermediates
 Organic acids in citric acid cycle can make amino acids
 Add NH2 – transamination
 However, other amino acids (9) cannot be
synthesized by humans
 Essential amino acids
 Must be present in diet or die
46
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
H2 O membranes O H2
O 2 2 O
grana cristae
ADP ATP
NADPH NADP+ NAD+ NADH

enzymes
CO CH2 CH2 CO
2 O O 2
47
Review
 Glycolysis
 Transition Reaction
 Citric Acid Cycle
 Electron Transport System
 Fermentation
 Metabolic Pool
 Catabolism
 Anabolism
48
BIOLOGY
Chapter 8: pp. 133 - 149
10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Cellular Respiration Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
e–
NADH
Insert figure 8.2 here e–

NADH e–
e–
NADH and
e–
e–

2 ADP
2 ADP
4 ADP 4 ATP total

or 34 or 34
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 49
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

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BIOLOGY

Chapter 8: pp. 133-149

Insert figure 8.2 here e–

Glycolysis Electron transport

4 ADP 4 ATP total

2 ATP net gain 2 ADP 2 ATP 32 ADP 32 ATP

 Usually involves breakdown of glucose to CO2 and water

 Oxidation-reduction enzymes include NAD+ and FAD as

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

 Electrons are removed from substrates and

H2 O O2 and glucose enter cells,

 Cellular respiration includes four phases:

 Transition (preparatory) reaction

Glycolysis Electron transport

4 ADP 4 ATP total

2 ATP net gain 2 ADP 2 ATP 32 ADP 32 ATP

4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP total

2 ATP net gain

Glycolysis Electron transport

4 ADP 4 ATP total

4. Again a substrate is 3. ATP is produced as an

Please note that due to differing

2 ATP (net gain) 2 CO2

Please note that due to differing

Please note that due to differing

© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

 Connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

 End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the

 Pyruvate converted to 2-carbon acetyl group

 Electron picked up (as hydrogen atom) by NAD+

 CO2 released, and transported out of mitochondria into

2 pyruvate + 2 CoA 2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbon

Please note that due to differing

© Dr. Donald Fawcett and Dr. Porter/Visuals Unlimited

 A.K.A. Krebs cycle

Glycolysis Citric acid Electron transport

4 ADP 4 ATP total

4. Again a substrate is 3. ATP is produced as an

Please note that due to differing

Citric acid cycle

Glycolysis Electron transport

4 ADP 4 ADP total

2 ADP net 2 ADP 2 ADP 32 or ADP 32 or ADP

2e- FAD + 2H+

4 ADP 4 ATP total

2 ATP net 2 ADP 2 ATP 32 or ADP 32 or34 ATP

Electron transport chain

Please note that due to differing

 Net yield per glucose:

Electron transport chain

proteins carbohydrates fats

amino glucose glycerol fatty

© C Squared Studios/Getty Images.

Please note that due to differing

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

NADPH NADP+ NAD+ NADH

Insert figure 8.2 here e–