Simulation & Comparison of

various source coding techniques in

digital communication using
MATLAB Simulink

Made By: Sagar B Patel

17EC062
Motivation
I want to learn the different source coding techniques in digital
communication.
For efficiently representing the information in the binary
format after encoding from the analog source and also
reducing the size of data by reducing the no of bits, Source
Coding techniques are used.
These Source Coding techniques are the most fundamental
blocks in the digital communication process for reducing the
bandwidth.
The comparison of these techniques are done on the basis of
factors such as Bandwidth requirement, Number of bits, Step
Size, Sampling and Bit rate, Signal to Noise Ratio and their
efficiencies.
Block Diagram of Digital Communication
System
 Source Coding Techniques
 The three major source coding techniques
in the digital communication is explained
here:
(a) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
(b) Differential Pulse Code Modulation
(DPCM)
(c) Delta Modulation (DM)
 Pulse Code Modulation
 Pulse Code modulation is the process in which analog signals are converted to
digital form. The analog signal is represented by a series of pulses and non-
pulses (1 or 0 respectively). The magnitude of signal is regularly sampled in
uniform intervals, and then quantized in a series of binaries.

 Sampling is defined as the process of measuring the instantaneous values of

continuous-time signal in a discrete form. Sample is a piece of data taken
from the whole data which is continuous in the time domain. This
discretization of analog signal is called as Sampling.
 Pulse Amplitude Modulation is another name for Sampling.
 The types of Sampling are:
(a) Natural Sampling
(b) Flat Top Sampling
(c) Impulse Train
 I have used Natural Sampling in this project.
 Sampling (Nyquist) Theorem
 Sampling Theorem states that ‘A bandlimited signal can be reconstructed
exactly if it is sampled at a rate atleast twice the maximum frequency
component in it. The maximum frequency component of g (t) is fm. To recover
the signal g(t) exactly from its samples it has to be sampled at a rate fs >= 2fm.
This fs is called Nyquist rate.
 Aliasing is a phenomenon where the high frequency components of the
sampled signal interface with each other because of inadequate sampling fs < 2
fm .
 Quantization
 The method of sampling chooses a few points on the analog signal and then these points
are joined to round off the value to a near stabilized value. Such a process is called
quantization.
 There are two types of quantization- Uniform Quantization and non-uniform
quantization.
 The difference between an input value and its quantized value is called a Quantization
Error. A Quantizer is a logarithmic function that performs Quantization (rounding off
the value).
 The below figure consists of original signal and quantized signal.

 The below figure is of Quantization Error.

 Encoding
 The process of assigning the binary codes to the quantizer output is known as
Encoding. Encoding provides security withstand capability with the channel
noise and flexible operation of signal.
 There are two types of encoding::
(a) Linear encoding
(b) Non-linear encoding:
 The below figure is Encoded and Quantized Output.
 Differential Pulse Code Modulation
 Differential Pulse Code modulation is the procedure of converting an analog
signal into a digital signal in which an analog signal is sampled and then the
difference between the actual value and its predicted value (predicted value is
based on previous sample or samples) is quantized and then encoded forming
a digital value.
 Basic concept of DPCM – coding a difference, is based on the fact that most
source signals show significant correlation between successive samples so
encoding uses redundancy in sample values which implies lower bit rate.
 Delta Modulation
 Delta Modulation (DM) is an analog-to-digital conversion technique used
for transmission of voice information where quality is not of primary
importance.
 In delta modulation, the transmitted data are reduced to a 1-bit data
stream.
 The main features are:
(a) The input sequence is much higher than Nyquist rate.
(b) The quantization design is simple.
(c) The step-size is very small, i.e, delta.
(d) The bit rate can be decided by the user.
SIMULINK
 Simulink, developed by MathWorks, is a graphical
programming environment for modelling,
simulating and analysing multi-domain dynamical
systems.
 Its primary interface is a graphical block
diagramming tool and a customizable set of block
libraries.
 I have used Simulink for designing the designs of
these source coding techniques and Pulse
Amplitude Modulation (Sampling).
 Simulink is widely used in automatic control and
digital signal and image processing for multi-
domain simulation and model-based design.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation Design
(Sampling Process)
Pulse Amplitude Modulation Output
(Sampling Process)
 Comparison of output with respect
to Time period of Square Wave
 If Time period = 1/10 s, Output will be previous page output.
 If Time period = 1/5 s, Output will be:
Pulse Code Modulation Design
Pulse Code Modulation Output
Differential Pulse Code Modulation
Design
Differential Pulse Code Modulation
Output
Delta Modulation Design
Delta Modulation Output
 Comparison of Various Source Coding
Techniques
1 Parameter of Pulse Code Modulation Differential Pulse Code Delta Modulation
Comparison (PCM) Modulation (DPCM) (DM)

1. Number of bits It can use 4,8 or 16 bits per Bits can be more than one It uses only one bit for
sample but less than PCM one sample
2. Levels and Step The number of levels depends Number of levels is also Step size is kept fixed
Size on number of bits. Level size fixed and cannot be varied
is fixed
3. Bandwidth Highest bandwidth is required Bandwidth required is less Lowest bandwidth is
since number of bits are high than PCM required

4. Feedback There is no feedback in Feedback exists Feedback exists in

transmitter or receiver transmitter
5. Quantization error Quantization error depends Slope overload distortion Slope overload
and distortion on number of levels used and quantization noise is distortion and granular
present noise are present
6. Bits/sample 7/8 4/6 1
7. Bit rate 56-64 32-48 64-128
8. Sampling Rate 8 8 64-128
(kHz)
9. Signal to Noise Good Moderate Poor
Ratio
10. Area of Audio and video telephony Speech and video Speech and images
Applications