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Thermodynamic Processes and Derivation

This document discusses thermodynamic processes and the first law of thermodynamics. It defines irreversible and reversible processes, and explains that the first law relates the change in internal energy of a system to the heat absorbed and work done. It then provides equations to model several important thermodynamic processes, including isothermal, isobaric, constant volume, and adiabatic processes. For an ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic process, the document derives the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature at different states using the ideal gas law and the first law.

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54 views10 pages

Thermodynamic Processes and Derivation

This document discusses thermodynamic processes and the first law of thermodynamics. It defines irreversible and reversible processes, and explains that the first law relates the change in internal energy of a system to the heat absorbed and work done. It then provides equations to model several important thermodynamic processes, including isothermal, isobaric, constant volume, and adiabatic processes. For an ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic process, the document derives the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature at different states using the ideal gas law and the first law.

Uploaded by

Abenaya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamic

processes and
derivation
Irreversible and reversible
processes
 Irreversible:Initial system state is unstable
or metastable and spontaneous change
in the system yields a system with a lower-
energy final state.

 Reversible: Both initial and final states are


stable equilibrium states and the path
between them is a continuous sequence
of equilibrium states.
First Law of Thermodynamics
 The increase in internal energy as a result of heat
absorbed is diminished by the amount of work done on
the surroundings:
dEi = dq - dw = dq – PdV
By convention, heat added to the system, dq, is
positive and work done by the system, dw, on its
surroundings is negative
Thermodynamic Process
• States of a thermodynamic system can be changed by
interacting with its surrounding through work and heat.
When this change occurs in a system, it is said that the
system is undergoing a process.

• A thermodynamic cycle is a sequence of different


processes that begins and ends at the same
thermodynamic state.

• Some sample processes:


 Isothermal process: temperature is constant T=C
 Isobaric process: pressure is constant, P=C
 Isentropic process: entropy is constant, s=C
 Constant-volume process: v=C
 Adiabatic process: no heat transfer, Q=0
Process-1
 Use ideal gas assumption (closed system):
 Isothermal process: T=constant
Energy balance U=Q-W, for ideal gas U=H=0
since both are functions of temperature only
mRT 2 dV
Q=W, W=  PdV   V dV  mRT 1 V
V   P 
 mRT ln  2   mRT ln  1 
 V1   P2 
 Isobaric process: P=constant
2
U=Q-W, W=  PdV=P  dV=P(V2  V1 )
1

Q  U  P (V2  V1 )  (U 2  U 1 )  P (V2  V1 )
 (U 2  PV2 )  (U1  PV1 )  H 2  H1  H
Process-2
 Constant volume process: V=constant
Q-W=U, W=  PdV  0, no work done
Q=U=mu=m  c dT v

 Adiabatic process: Q=0


Q-W=U, -W=U
- W=dU (infinitesimal increment of work and energy)
 mRT 
dU+PdV=0, mc v dT    dV  0
 V 
 RT  cv dT dV
cv dT    dV  0,   , integrate and assume
 V  R T V
c v =constant
Rc k 1
cv T   V  T2 V  v V 
ln  2    ln  2  ,  1   1 
R  T1   V1  T1  V2   V2 
Process -3
k 1
T2 V 
 1  , from ideal gas relation
T1  V2 
V   T1  P2
PV=RT,  1   , substitute
 V2   T2  P1
k 1 k 1
T2  T  P  T 
  1  2  , multiply  2  from both sides
T1   T2   P1    T1 
( k 1) k
T2 P  k  P2   V1 
 2  , and   
T1  P1   1   2 
P V
k k
Also PV
1 1  P2V2 and pV k  cons tan t
For an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic process
Process-4
k 1
T2 V 
 1  , from ideal gas relation
T1  V2 
V   T1  P2
PV=RT,  1   , substitute
 V2   2  1
T P
k 1 k 1
T2  T  P  T 
  1  2  , multiply  2  from both sides
T1   T2   P1    T1 
( k 1) k
T2  P  k  P2   V1 
 2  , and   
T1  P1   P1   V2 
k k
Also PV
1 1  P2V2 and pV k  cons tan t
For an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic process
PV
1 1
n
 P2V2n  PV n

2 2

 PdV  ( PV
n
W   1 1
n
)V dV
1 1

P V  PV
2 n
( PV
1 1 )
 ( PV n
) V n
dV  (V21 n  V11 n )  2 2 1 1

1 n 1 n
1 1
1
LETS DO SOME NUMERICALS

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