1DT057

DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION SYSTEM

Distributed Systems
Characterisation and Design

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OUTLINE

1. What is a Distributed System

2. Examples of Distributed Systems
3. Common Characteristics
4. Basic Design Issues
5. Summary

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1. DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM TYPES

Fully
Control Distributed

Autonomous
fully cooperative
Local data,
Autonomous local directory
transaction based Not fully replicated
master directory
Master-slave Fully replicated

Homog. Homog.
special general Processors
purpose purpose
Heterog. Heterog.
special general 3
purpose purpose
1. WHAT IS A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM?

Definition: A distributed system is one in which

components located at networked computers communicate
and coordinate their actions only by passing messages.
This definition leads to the following characteristics of
distributed systems:

 Concurrency of components
 Lack of a global ‘clock’

 Independent failures of components ‘acceptable’

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1.1 CENTRALIZED SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
 One component with non-autonomous parts

 Component shared by users all the time

 All resources accessible

 Software runs in a single process

 Single point of control

 Single point of failure

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1.2 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

 Multiple autonomous components

 Components are not shared by all users

 Resources may not be accessible

 Software runs in concurrent processes on different

processors

 Multiple points of control

 Multiple points of failure

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2. EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

 Google Datacenters

 Local Area Network and Intranet

 Database Management System

 Automatic Teller Machine Network

 Internet/World-Wide Web

 Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing

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2.0 GOOGLE DATACENTERS

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2.1 LOCAL AREA NETWORK
email server Desk to p
co mp uters
print and other servers

Local area
Web server network

email server
print
File server
other servers

the rest of
the Internet
router/firewall
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2.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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2.4 INTERNET

intranet %
%
% ISP

backbone

satellite link

desktop computer:
server:
network link:

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2.4.1 WORLD-WIDE-WEB

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2.4.2 WEB SERVERS AND WEB BROWSERS
http://www.google.comlsearch?q=lyu
www.google.com

Browsers
Web servers

www.uu.se Internet
http://www.uu.se/

www.w3c.org

File system of http://www.w3c.org/Protocols/Activity.html

www.w3c.org Protocols

Activity.html
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2.5 MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

Internet

Host intranet GSM/GPRS

Wireless LAN gateway Home intranet

Mobile
phone
Printer Laptop
Camera Host site
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3. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

 What are we trying to achieve when we construct a distributed

system?
 Certain common characteristics can be used to assess
distributed systems
 Heterogeneity
 Openness
 Security
 Scalability
 Failure Handling
 Concurrency
 Transparency

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3.1 HETEROGENEITY
 Variety and differences in
 Networks
 Computer hardware
 Operating systems
 Programming languages
 Implementations by different developers
 Middleware as software layers to provide a programming
abstraction as well as masking the heterogeneity of the
underlying networks, hardware, OS, and programming languages
(e.g., CORBA).
 Mobile Code to refer to code that can be sent from one computer
to another and run at the destination (e.g., Java applets and Java
virtual machine).
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3.2 OPENNESS
 Openness is concerned with extensions and
improvements of distributed systems.
 Detailed interfaces of components need to be
published.
 New components have to be integrated with existing
components.
 Differences in data representation of interface types
on different processors (of different vendors) have to
be resolved.

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3.3 SECURITY
 In a distributed system, clients send requests to
access data managed by servers, resources in the
networks:
 Doctors requesting records from hospitals
 Users purchase products through electronic commerce
 Security is required for:
 Concealing the contents of messages: security and privacy
 Identifying a remote user or other agent correctly
(authentication)
 New challenges:
 Denial of service attack
 Security of mobile code
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3.4 SCALABILITY
 Adaptation of distributed systems to
 accommodate more users
 respond faster (this is the hard one)

 Usually done by adding more and/or faster processors.

 Components should not need to be changed when
scale of a system increases.
 Design components to be scalable!

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3.5 FAILURE HANDLING (FAULT TOLERANCE)

 Hardware, software and networks fail!

 Distributed systems must maintain availability even
at low levels of hardware/software/network reliability.
 Fault tolerance is achieved by
 recovery
 redundancy

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3.6 CONCURRENCY
 Components in distributed systems are executed in
concurrent processes.
 Components access and update shared resources (e.g.
variables, databases, device drivers).
 Integrity of the system may be violated if concurrent
updates are not coordinated.
 Lost updates
 Inconsistent analysis

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3.7 TRANSPARENCY
 Distributed systems should be perceived by users and
application programmers as a whole rather than as a
collection of cooperating components.
 Transparency has different aspects.
 These represent various properties that distributed
systems should have.

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4. BASIC DESIGN ISSUES
 General software engineering principles include
rigor and formality, separation of concerns,
modularity, abstraction, anticipation of
change, …
 Specific issues for distributed systems:
 Naming
 Communication
 Software structure
 System architecture
 Workload allocation
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 Consistency maintenance
4.1 NAMING
 A name is resolved when translated into an interpretable
form for resource/object reference.
 Communication identifier (IP address + port number)
 Name resolution involves several translation steps

 Design considerations
 Choice of name space for each resource type
 Name service to resolve resource names to comm. id.

 Name services include naming context resolution,

hierarchical structure, resource protection

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4.2 COMMUNICATION
 Separated components communicate with sending
processes and receiving processes for data transfer and
synchronization.
 Message passing: send and receive primitives
 synchronous or blocking
 asynchronous or non-blocking
 Abstractions defined: channels, sockets, ports.

 Communication patterns: client-server communication

(e.g., RPC, function shipping) and group multicast

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4.3 SOFTWARE STRUCTURE
 Layers in centralized computer systems:

Applications

Middleware

Operating system

Computer and Network Hardware

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4.3 SOFTWARE STRUCTURE
 Layers and dependencies in distributed systems:

Applications

Open
Distributed programming services
support

Open system kernel services

Computer and network hardware
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4.4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES
 Client-Server
 Peer-to-Peer

 Services provided by multiple servers

 Proxy servers and caches

 Mobile code and mobile agents

 Network computers

 Thin clients and mobile devices

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4.4.1 CLIENTS INVOKE INDIVIDUAL SERVERS

C lien t in vocation Ser ver

in vocation

r esult r esult
Ser ver

C lien t
Key:
Pr ocess : C omputer :

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4.4.2 PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS
Peer 2

Peer 1
Application

Application

Sharable Peer 3
objects
Application

Peer 4

Application

Peers 5 . .. . N
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4.4.3 A SERVICE BY MULTIPLE SERVERS
Servic e

Server
Client

Server

Client
Server

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4.4.4 WEB PROXY SERVER

Cl ient W eb
server
Proxy
server

Cl ient W eb
server

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4.4.5 WEB APPLETS
a) client request results in the downloading of applet code

Client Web
Applet code server

b) client interacts with the applet

Web
Client Applet server

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4.4.6 THIN CLIENTS AND COMPUTE SERVERS

Compute server
Network computer or PC

Thin network Application

Client Process

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5. SUMMARY
 Definitions of distributed systems and comparisons to
centralized systems.
 The characteristics of distributed systems.

 The eight forms of transparency.

 The basic design issues.

 Read Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of the textbook.

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