Programming Fundamentals

CSC-112
Lecture 3
Operators
 Operators
• “Operators are words or symbols that cause a program
to do something to variables.”

OPERATOR TYPES:
Type Operators Usage
Arithmetic ‘+’ ‘-’ ‘*’ ‘/’ ‘%’ a+b a-b a*b a/b a%b
Arithmetic ‘+=’ ‘-=’ ‘*=’ ‘/=’ ‘%=’ a+=b is the same as a=a+b
assignment a-=b a*=b a/=b a%=b
Increment and ‘++’ ‘- -’ a++ is the same as a=a+1
decrement a-- is the same as a=a-1
Relational ‘<’ ‘>’ ‘<=’ ‘>=’ ‘==’ ‘!=’
Logical ‘&&’ ‘||’
 Common Operators
• Common Mathematical Operators:
- Common mathematical operators are available
in C++ for manipulating values e.g. addition(+),
subtraction(-), multiplication(*), division(/),
and modulus (%).
•C, C++ has many other operators also which
we will study in due course.
 Arithmetic Expression Evaluation

•To evaluate an arithmetic expression two

concepts needs to be understood
- Operator Precedence
•Operator precedence controls the order in which
operations are performed
- Operator Associativity
•The associativity of an operator specifies the order
in which operations of the same precedence are
performed
 Operator Precedence and
Associativity
• Operators Precedence and Associativity
for C++ is following

1. *, /, %  Do all multiplications, divisions

and remainders from left to right.
2. +, -  Do additions and subtractions from
left to right.
Evaluating an Expression similar to DMAS

6+2*3/6
• Three operators are in this expression.
• However, * and / both have the same precedence and + has
lower precedence then these two.
• * and / will be evaluated first but both have the same
precedence level.
• Therefore, operator associatively will be used here to
determine the first to get evaluated i.e. left to right.
• The left most sub expression will be evaluated followed by
the next right one and so on.

• * will be evaluated first then /

 Arithemetic Operator

Type Operators Usage

Arithmetic ‘+’ ‘-’ ‘*’ ‘/’ ‘%’ a+b a-b a*b a/b a%b

• The Modulus Operator

– % is known as the Modulus Operator or the Remainder Operator.
– It calculates the remainder of two variables
– It can only be used with two ints..

– 3%2 =1
– 5%2=1
– 6%3=0
– 8%5=3
Arithmetic Operator Precedence and
associativity
 Polynomials in C++
• In algebra
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑+𝑒
𝑚=
5
• In c++
𝑚 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒)/5

• What happens if I don’t put the parenthesis ()?

 Evaluate
In what order will the expression be evaluated?
 Evaluate
In what order will the expression be evaluated?
2nd Degree Polynomial

𝑦= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
2nd Degree Polynomial

𝑦= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Arithmetic Assignment Operators

Type Operators Usage

Arithmetic ‘+=’ ‘-=’ ‘*=’ ‘/=’ ‘%=’ a+=b is the same as a=a+b
assignment a-=b a*=b a/=b a%=b
 Relational and Equality Operators
Standard algebraic C++ equality or Sample C++ Meaning of C++
equality or relational relational operator condition condition
operator
Relational operators
> > x>y x is greater than y

< < x<y x is less than y

 >= x >= y x is greater than or
equal to y
 <= x <= y x is less than or
equal to y
Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y
 != x != y x is not equal to y

(Deitel and Deitel (5th Ed), fig 2.12)

 Logical Operators

Type Operators Usage

Logical ‘&&’ ‘||’

• Logical operators are carried out on statements, e.g. statement1

&& statement 2, etc.
• Logical AND (&&)
– false && false= false
– false && true = false
– true && false= false
– true && true = true
• Logical OR (||)
 Logical Operators
• Logical OR (||)
– false || false = false
– false || true = true
– true || false = true
– true || true = true

• Logical NOT (!)

– !false = true
– !true = false
 Bitwise Operators
• Used to manipulate bits rather than statements
• Common bitwise operators are:
• XOR(^)
– x^y
• NOT (~)
– ~x
• OR (|)
– x|y
• AND (&)
– x&y
 Unary Increment and Decrement
Operators
Type Operators Usage
Increment and ‘++’ ‘- -’ a++ is the same as a=a+1
decrement a-- is the same as a=a-1

 Prefix
 ++a;
 --a;
 Postfix
 a++;
 a--;
 Precedence of Operators
OPERATORS TYPE
++ -- unary
* / % multiplicative
+ - additive
< > <= >= relational
== != equality
&& || logical
= *= /= %= += assignment
-=
 Home Task
Precedence of Operators
• a += b-- + ++d * c % e / f

• Consider all variables to be equal to 2 and

calculate the answer
• a=?
Decision Making / Conditional
Statements
 Control Structures
• Control structures are the block that analyzes
the variable(s) and choose which way the
program should be executed
• Every program is build on these structures,
there are three types of common control
structures
– the sequence structure,
– the selection structure (Branching) and
– the repetition structure (Looping).
 Selection/Conditional statements

• Selection statements cause one section of code

to be executed or not depending on a
conditional clause.
– if statement
– switch statement
 The if statement

• Used where the execution of an

action depends on the satisfaction of
a condition. T

– if condition is true -> action is done

 The if statement

• Used where the execution of an

action depends on the satisfaction of F

a condition.
– if condition is true -> action is done
– if condition is false -> action is not done
 The if statement
Any statement that
results in True or False

Syntax Logical or Relational

if (condition)
T
{ statement1; F

statement 2;
….
statement n;
}
 The if statement
• Develop a system that tells the user that he is
over-speeding if his speed crosses120km/hr.

• Pseudocode
IF speed is greater than 120km/hr
THEN print “over-speeding”
 The if statement
if (speed>120)
{cout<<"over speeding";
cout << "reduce speed now";
} T
… F

…
…
 If - else

• if is a single-selection statement which

performs an indicated action only when the
condition is TRUE; otherwise the action is
skipped.

• if-else is a double-selection statement which

performs an action when the condition is
TRUE and a different action when the
condition is FALSE.
 If - else
• Used where there are
different actions to be
executed depending on the
result of a given condition.
– if condition is true -> action is
done
– if condition is false -> a
different action is done
 If - else
• Syntax:
if (condition)
{statement1; statement 2;…. statement n;
}
else
{statement1; statement 2;….statement n;
}

• Note: if the specified condition is true, then all the

statements in the first curly braces will be executed, else all
the statements in the next curly braces will be executed.
 If - else
• Determine whether a number is positive or
negative.

• Pseudocode
• IF number is greater than or equal to 0,
THEN print “positive”
• ELSE print “negative”
 If - else
if (number>=0)
cout<<"number is positive";
else
cout<<"number is negative";
 If - else
• TRY ME! : for even numbers add half the
number to y. For odd numbers, subtract half.

if (x%2==0)
y += x/2;
else
y -= x/2;
 Some notes
• If there is only one statement following the if,
then the curly braces are optional.
• If there are multiple statements, the braces
are necessary.
• Same is true for the statements following the
else.
 Some notes
– E.g.
if (a<b)
a=b+1;
b = 10;
cout<<"print A"<<a;

Output (if condition is true)

 a = b+1;
 the cout statement is ignored in this case because of the
missing { }
 ‘else’ cannot exist without ‘if’
• An if can exist without an else.
• An else, without an if has no meaning.
 The else if keyword

• Used where there are multiple actions to be

executed based on different conditions.
– if condition is true -> action is done
– if condition is false -> next condition is checked
 The else if keyword
• Syntax:
if (condition)
{statement1; statement 2;…. statement n;
}
else if (condition 2)
{statement1; statement 2;….statement n;
}
else
{statement1; statement 2;….statement n;
}
 The else if keyword
if (x==0)
{cout << " x is ZERO" <<endl;}
else if (x>0)
{cout << " x is positive"
<<endl;}
else
{cout << " x is negative"
<<endl;}
 The else if keyword
• Additional alternative control paths
• Conditions evaluated in order until one is met;
inner statement (or statements) are then
executed
• If multiple conditions are true, only first
condition is executed, the remaining are
ignored
Quiz # 1
 Question
• Write a C or C++ program to calculate GPA and percentage from five
3 credit hours subjects. Take the input marks from user. Total
subjects marks are 100. The grading scheme is given below:
– A >= 87 marks (4 GP)
– B+ >= 80 marks (3.5 GP)
– B >= 72 marks (3 GP)
– C+ >= 66 marks (2.5 GP)
– C >=60 marks (2 GP)
– F < 60 marks (0 GP)

• GPA is calculated as:

σ5𝑖=1 𝐺𝑃 𝑖 ∗ 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖 . 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠