0% found this document useful (0 votes)
471 views18 pages

Dynamic Correction

Normal moveout (NMO) refers to the increase in reflection arrival time with source-receiver offset due to the extra travel path. The relationship between arrival time and offset is hyperbolic. NMO correction aims to flatten reflection hyperbolas by applying an offset-dependent time shift using the correct stacking velocity, allowing reflections to be stacked coherently. Proper NMO correction and velocity analysis are important for improving the signal-to-noise ratio by coherent stacking.

Uploaded by

Majid Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
471 views18 pages

Dynamic Correction

Normal moveout (NMO) refers to the increase in reflection arrival time with source-receiver offset due to the extra travel path. The relationship between arrival time and offset is hyperbolic. NMO correction aims to flatten reflection hyperbolas by applying an offset-dependent time shift using the correct stacking velocity, allowing reflections to be stacked coherently. Proper NMO correction and velocity analysis are important for improving the signal-to-noise ratio by coherent stacking.

Uploaded by

Majid Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

 Normal moveout or NMO is defined as the variation of

reflection arrival time because of source to receiver offset


(Sheriff, 1991).

 The additional time that it takes energy to travel from a


source to a flat reflecting bed and back to a receiver

 It is offset from the source point

 It is shown on a seismogram as a hyperbola.

 The "moveout" in fact, is the time from the apex of the


hyperbola to a point of interest.

 The normal moveout correction is done to make the


seismogram look the same as zero-offset seimograms.
 In reflection seismology, Normal Move Out
(NMO) describes the effect that the distance between a
seismic source and a receiver (the offset) has on the
arrival time of a reflection in the form of an increase of
time with offset.

 The relationship between arrival time and offset


is hyperbolic and it is the principal criterion that
a geophysicist uses to decide whether an event is a
reflection or not.

 It is distinguished from dip move-out (DMO), the


systematic change in arrival time due to a dipping
layer.
 The normal moveout depends on complex combination
of factors including
◦ The velocity above the reflector
◦ Offset
◦ Dip of the reflector
◦ The source receiver azimuth in relation to the dip of the
reflector.

 For a flat, horizontal reflector, the traveltime equation


is:

 where x = offset; v = velocity of the medium above the


reflecting interface; = travel time at zero offset, when
the source and receiver are in the same place.
 The Reflections are alligned using the correct velocity,
such that the events are horizontally alligned.

 Then all the separate traces are stacked (summed).

 The travel time curve of the reflections for different


offset between source and receiver is calculated using:

 From this formula the NMO-correction can be derived


and is given by:
 The Moveout ∆t is the difference in traveltime for a
receiver at a distance x from the source and
the traveltime t0 for zero-offset distance.

 The NMO-Correction depends on the offset and the


velocity.

 In contrast to the static correction, the correction along


the trace can differ.

 The NMO-correction is also called a dynamic


correction.
 To obtain a flattening of the reflections, the velocity
must have the correct value.

 When the velocity is too low, the reflection is


overcorrected; the reflection curves upwards.

 When the velocity is too high, the reflection is under-


corrected; the reflection curve curves downwards.

 Low velocities have a stronger curvature then high


velocities.
 The aim of the velocity analysis is to find the velocity,
that flattens a reflection hyperbola, which returns the
best result when stacking is applied.

 This velocity is not always the real RMS velocity.

 Therefore, a distinction is made between:


◦ vstack: the velocity that returns the best stacking result.
◦ vrms: the actual RMS-velocity of a layer.

 For a horizontal layer and small offsets, both velocities


are similar.
 When the reflectors are dipping then vstack is not
equal to the actual velocity, but equal to the velocity
that results in a similar reflection hyperbola
 Velocity can be calculated using different methods
such as:

 (t2 –x2)-Analysis.
 Constant velocity panels (CVP).
 Constant velocity stacks (CVS).
 Analysis of velocity spectra.

 For all methods, selected CMP gathers are used.


 The (t2-x2)-Analysis is based on the fact, that the
Moveout-expression for the square of t and x result in
a linear event.

 When different values for x and t are plotted, the slope


can be used to determine v2

 The square root returns the proper velocity.


 The NMO-correction is applied for a CMP using
different constant velocities.

 The results of the different velocities are compared


and the velocity that results in a flattening of the
hyperbolas is the velocity for a certain reflector.
 Similar to the CVP-method the data is NMO-corrected.

 This is carried out for several CMP gathers and the


NMO-corrected data is stacked and displayed as a
panel for each different stacking velocity.

 Stacking velocities are picked directly from the


constant velocity stack panel by choosing the velocity
that yields the best stack response at a selected event.

 CVP and CVS both have the disadvantage that the


velocity is approximated as good as the distance
between two test velocities.

 Both methods can be used for quality control and for


 analysis of noisy data.
 The velocity spectrum is obtained when the stacking
results for a range of velocities are plotted in a panel
for each velocity side by side on a plane of velocity
versus two-way travel-time.

 This can be plotted as traces or as iso-amplitudes.


This method is commonly used by interactive software
to determine the velocities.

You might also like