Temperature Measurement

PRESENTATION
PREPARED DY
ATHUL KRISHNAN B K
 INTRODUCTION
Temperature: A measure proportional to the average
translational kinetic energy associated with the
disordered microscopic motion of atoms and
molecules.
The flow of heat is from a high temperature region
toward a lower temperature region.
When a high temperature object is placed in contact
with a low temperature object, then energy will flow
from the high temperature object to the lower
temperature object, and they will approach an
equilibrium temperature.
 Steam point — 212°F 100 c 373°K 671.7 R Ml R

32°F
Ice point — 27 3° K 491.7 R OR

Absolute zero-f F459—F— - 273°C -213.5 R*

Fahrenheit Centigrade Kelvin Rankine Reaumur

scale scale scale scale scale
 Temperature Scales
To convert from Kelvin to Rankine To

convert from Fahrenheit to Rankine: R = °F + 459.69 R = |

To convert from Celsius to Rankine:
°C + 491.69
tJ
To convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin: To
K = ^ (°F-32)-273.15
convert from Celsius to Kelvin:
K = °C-273.15 K = - R
To convert from Rankine to Kelvin To
9
convert from Rankine to Fahrenheit: To
°F = R- 459.69 °F = ^
convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit: To
(K -273.15) + 32 °C =
convert from Kelvin to Celsius: K+273.15 °C = ^ (R-
To convert from Rankine to Celsius:
491.69)
Temperature Measurement
(1) Changes in physical dimensions - expansion thermometers
Changes in temperature —> Solid/liquid/gas —» Changes in dimensions
(a) Expansion of solids - Bimetallic thermometers
(b) Expansion ol" liquids - Liquid in glass or metal bulb thermometers
(c) Expansion of gases - Gas thermometers.
(2) Changes in liquid, gas or vapour pressure - Filled system thermometers
Changes in temperature — Filled system -» Changes in pressure
(a) Gas filled thermometers
(b) Liquid filled thermometers
(c) Vapour-pressure thermometers (3)
Changes in electrical properties
Changes in temperature — Metals/alloys/conductors/ -|-»Change in resistance/voltage
semiconductors
(a) Resistance Temperature Defectors (RTD)
(b) Thermistors
(c) Thermocouples
(4) Change in emitted thermal radiation
Change in temperature - Pyrometer changes in radiation intensity

(a) Radiation pyrometers

(b) Optical pyrometers
Electrical temperature instruments
• In electrical methods of measuring temperature, the
temperature signal is converted into electrical signal
either through a change in resistance or voltage,
leading to a change in current development of electro-
motive-force (e.m.f.). The following elements are
used to convert temperature into electrical signals
Thermocouple
Thermistor
RTD
 Thermocouple
Metal 1
Reterence
Junction

Meter or
Recorder

Sensing
Junction
 Thermocouple

compressed mineral powder

hot junction

Thermocouple
Inconel [TM] alloy
Thermoelectric effects : (Working principle of thermocouple): If two wires of different metals

M t and M 2 are joined together to form a loop (thermocouple) as shown in Fig.

with one junction at temperature /j and other at temperature T7 , an e.m.f. is generated and if an

ammeter is connected, a current flows in the circuit. This phenomenon is called the Seebeck effect.

The magnitude of emf generated depends on the temperatures of the junctions and
12 and the materials of A/j and . One of the twojunctions is usually maintained at some
constant known temperature (reference junction). The output vojtage of the circuit then indicates
the temperature difference relative to the reference temperature. Nonrially, the ice point of water
(0°C) is selected as a reference junction.

Hot
To Cold
junction
junction

Seebeck effect - basic thermocouple circuit

changes in temperature the See beck voltage is linearly proportional to temperature:
AB = aT
e‘

Where a, the See beck coefficient, is the constant of proportionality.

 Thermocouple effects
Peltier effect:
• The temperatures T1 and T2 of junctions slightly change if
the thermoelectric current is allowed to flow in the circuit.
• Heat is generated at cold junction and is absorbed from the
hot junction thereby heating the cold junction slightly and
cooling the hot junction slightly.
• This phenomenon is called Peltier effect.
• This effect takes place whether the current is introduced
extremely or is induced by the thermocouple itself.
 Thomson effect

Pel tiei Peltiei

effect effect

Thermocouple effects
Thomson effect : The junction emf may be slightly
changed if the temperature gradient exist along either or
both the materials. This phenomenon is called Thomson
effect.
 Thomson effect

Peltiei Peltiei
etiect effect

Thomson effect

Seebeck emt causes by junction of dissimilar metals

Peltier emf causes by a current flow in circuit

Thomson emf causes by a temperature gradient in the material
 VDI tmeter

Measuring Reference
Junction (Hot) Junction (Cold)

Dissimilar
Heat Mela I Wires
Source

COPPER WIRE

CONSTANTAN

THERMOCOUPLE
s
y UJ

IRON

ICE BATH
REFERENCE REFERENCE
JUNCTIONS
 Material Maximum operating temperature(°C)

Mild steel 900

Nickel-chromium 900

Fused silica 1000

Special steel 1100
Mullite 1700

Rectrystallized alumina 1850

Beryllium 2300
 Thermistors
• Thermistor is a contraction of term “Thermal
Resistor”. They are essentially semiconductors which
behave as registers with a high negative temperature
coefficient.
• As the temperature increases, the resistance goes up.
This is just opposite to the effect of temperature
changes on metals.
• A high sensitivity to temperature changes (decrease in
resistance as much as 6% for each 10C rise in
temperature in some cases) makes the thermistors
extremely useful for precision temperature
measurement.
1. Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistor. (PTC)
2. Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor.(NTC)
Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor.(NTC)
 Types of Thermistors
Thermistor

Glass Meta1
L_J
Bead
Skewer
type
Disc

* (lament

S *ve r

cap
Rod

Metai Glass

probe
Thermistor with Wheatstone bridge circuit
Thermistors
• The thermistors are composed of metal oxides. The most
commonly used oxides are those of manganese, nickel, cobalt,
iron, copper and titanium.
• The fabrication of commercial NTC thermistors uses basic
ceramics technology and continues today much as it has for
decades.
• In the basic process, a mixture of two or more metal oxide
powders are combined with suitable binders, are formed to a
desired geometry, dried, and sintered at an elevated
temperature.
• By varying the types of oxides used, their relative
proportions, the sintering atmosphere, and the sintering
temperature, a wide range of resistivity and temperature
coefficient characteristics can be obtained.

Metal resistance thermometer

• This thermometer is an instrument used to measure the
temperature variation in control room.
Working principle
• In each metallic conductor, their resistance changes when its
temperature is changed.
• By calculating the variation in resistance, the temperature
variations may be calculated.
• The thermometer which utilizes this phenomenon is called
“resistance thermometer”.
 RTD

Metal sheath

Platinum
sensing
CO.’I

Res«stance
wire
Glass or
pyrex
bulb \

Mica #ormer
Ceramic former

(A) Laboratory type (B). Industrial type

 RTD

AWAW
—vWvWW Galvanometer

Copper leads

energy
supply

Wheastone bridge circuit

t-

Resistance element
Platinum wire or coil

Hollow ceramic former

Sensoi
Metal sheath
 RTD
Initial resistance is measured by using Wheatstone bridge. Probe tip of the RTD is placed near
the heat source. Outer cover uniformly distributes heat to sensing resistance element. As the
temperature varies, the resistance of the material also varies. Now, final resistance is again
measured. From the above measurement, variation in temperature can be calculated as follows,
Rt = RO (1+Dt)
Dt = ((Rt/R0)-l)/x
Where,
Rt = resistance at C.
RO = Resistance at room temperature.
Dt = Difference in temperature.
X = Temperature coefficient of RTD material.
 RTD
INTERMEDIATE
LEAD WIRES

OUTER
S H E AT H
METALLIC
WINDING PROBE
MATERIAL BODY-

WIRE
INSU LATO R S

N ON-CONDUCTIVE
PLATINUM INSULATION
SEN SING WIRE
 Pyrometers
A pyrometer is a type of remote-sensing thermometer used to
measure the temperature of a surface.
Various forms of pyrometers have historically existed. In the
modern usage, it is a device that from a distance determines the
temperature of a surface from the spectrum of the thermal radiation
it emits, a process known as pyrometry and sometimes radiometry.

There are two types of pyrometer in industries:

1. Total radiation pyrometer
2. Optical pyrometer
 Block Diagram of Radiation Pyrometer

Adjustable
Eyepiece
Mirror
Hot object

Temperature
Display
Detector
www.InstrumentationToday.com
Total radiation pyrometer
 Object whose Shielding element
v temperature to
\ be measured Detector disc
Eye piece

Sighting hole

Concave mirror
Blackened tube -
Thermocouple

Voltmeter

Indicatine device

Cold (reference) junction

 Objective lens Absorption screen

g Eye piece

Object whose Red filter

temperature to be
measured Resistance
Lamp filament
Ammeter

Dark filament

Bright Background Dark Dark Background Bright Both are equal

filament filament

(a) Filament to dark Low (b) Filament If rightness in more High intensity (c) correct intensity
intensity
 RESISTANCE VOLTAGE

TEMPERATURE
Criteria RTD Thermistor Thermocouple
-250°C to -267°C to
Temperature range +750°C -100°C to +500°C +2316°C
Depends on
Accuracy Best Good
calibration
Linearity Good Worst Good
Sensitivity Less Best Worst
Depends on
Circuitry Complex accuracy/power Complex
requirements
Power consumption High when taking measurement
T
Low-high
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