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4 IPv4

The document discusses IPV4 addressing and subnetting. It explains that an IP address block can be defined as x.y.z.t/n, where x.y.z.t is the first address and /n defines the subnet mask. It provides examples of how to calculate the first and last addresses in a block based on the mask, and how many addresses are in a block using the formula 2^32-n. The document also discusses how IP addresses can be organized in a hierarchical structure and provides an example of how an ISP allocates address blocks to different customer groups.

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118 views24 pages

4 IPv4

The document discusses IPV4 addressing and subnetting. It explains that an IP address block can be defined as x.y.z.t/n, where x.y.z.t is the first address and /n defines the subnet mask. It provides examples of how to calculate the first and last addresses in a block based on the mask, and how many addresses are in a block using the formula 2^32-n. The document also discusses how IP addresses can be organized in a hierarchical structure and provides an example of how an ISP allocates address blocks to different customer groups.

Uploaded by

dita oktaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER

NETWORKING IPV4
In IPv4 addressing, a block of
addresses can be defined as
x.y.z.t /n
in which x.y.z.t defines one of the
addresses and the /n defines the mask.

Usually, x.y.z.t is the first address in the address block


The first address in the block can be
found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 0s.
Example 6
A /28 block of addresses is granted to a small organization. We
know that one of the addresses is 205.16.37.39. What is the first
address in the block? What is its x.y.z.t/n representation?
Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32−28 rightmost bits to 0, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 0010000 0
or
205.16.37.32
The block representation is 205.16.37.32/28
The last address in the block can be
found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 1s.
Find the last address for the block in Example 6

Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32 − 28 rightmost bits to 1, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111
or
205.16.37.47
The number of addresses in the block
can be found by using the formula
232−n.
Example 9

Another way to find the first address, the last address, and
the number of addresses is to represent the mask as a 32-
bit binary (or 8-digit hexadecimal) number. This is
particularly useful when we are writing a program to find
these pieces of information. In Example 19.5 the /28 can
be represented as
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
(twenty-eight 1s and four 0s).

Find
a. The first address
b. The last address
Solution

a. The first address can be found by ANDing the given


addresses with the mask. ANDing here is done bit by
bit. The result of ANDing 2 bits is 1 if both bits are 1s;
the result is 0 otherwise.
Solution

b. The last address can be found by ORing the given


addresses with the complement of the mask. ORing
here is done bit by bit. The result of ORing 2 bits is 0 if
both bits are 0s; the result is 1 otherwise. The
complement of a number is found by changing each 1
to 0 and each 0 to 1.
A network configuration for the block 205.16.37.32/28
The first address in a block is
normally not assigned to any device;
it is used as the network address that
represents the organization
to the rest of the world.
hierarchy in telephone numbers
Hierarchy in IP addressing
Each address in the block can be
considered as a two-level
hierarchical structure:
the leftmost n bits (prefix) define
the network;
the rightmost 32 − n bits define
the host.
Configuration and addresses in a subnetted network
Three-level hierarchy in an IPv4 address
Example 10

An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 190.100.0.0/16


(65,536 addresses). The ISP needs to distribute these addresses to three
groups of customers as follows:
a. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256
addresses.
b. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128
addresses.
c. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64
addresses.
Assume the blocks of IPs are sequentially assigned. Design the
subblocks and find out how many addresses are still available after
Example 10 (continued)

Solution
Figure 19.9 shows the situation.
Group 1
For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This
means that 8 (log2 256) bits are needed to define each
host. The prefix length is then 32 − 8 = 24. The addresses
are
Example 10 (continued)

Group 2
For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This
means that 7 (log2 128) bits are needed to define each
host. The prefix length is then 32 − 7 = 25. The addresses
are
Example 10 (continued)

Group 3
For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This
means that 6 (log264) bits are needed to each host. The
prefix length is then 32 − 6 = 26. The addresses are

Number of granted addresses to the ISP: 65,536


Number of allocated addresses by the ISP: 40,960
Number of available addresses: 24,576
Figure 9 An example of address allocation and distribution by an ISP
Another Example on Subnetting

An ISP needs to allocate three subnets: Subnet 1, Subnet 2, and Subnet 3


with its acquired IP block of 223.1.17.0/24. Subnet 1 is required to support 63
interfaces, Subnet 2 is to support at least 40 interfaces, and Subnet 3 is to
support at least 95 interfaces. In addition, values of IP addresses have the
relationship: Subnet 1 < Subnet 2 < Subnet 3.
Provide three network addresses ( of the form a.b.c.d/x) that satisfy these
constraints.
Subnetting

223.1.17.0/24, ip addresses are 2^(32-24) = 256

Subnet 1 needs 2^6=64, 223.1.17.0/26


last address: 223.1.17.63
Subnet 2 needs 2^6=64, 223.1.17.64/26
last address: 223.1.17.127

Subnet 3 needs 2^7 = 128, 223.1.17.128/25

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