Temperature

Measurement
Group 1
• Temperature is the measure of heat in the body.
• Heat should not be confused with temperature but they can directly be
related.
• Kelvin(K), Celsius or Fahrenheit
 Importance in different industries

An accurate determination of temperature, or the measure of hot or cold, is an

important factor in many industries as follows:
• Food and Beverage Processing
• Plastic Production
• Metal Processing
• Oil industry
• Medicine
 History of
Temperature
Measurement
Heating just in time
 History of Temperature
Measurement
Attempts at standardized temperature measurement prior to the 17th
century were crude at best. For instance in 170 AD, physician Claudius
Galenus mixed equal portions of ice and boiling water to create a
"neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its
origins in the works by Florentine scientists in the 1600s including
Galileo constructing devices able to measure relative change in
temperature, but subject also to confounding with atmospheric
pressure changes. These early devices were called thermoscopes. The
first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1641 by the Grand Duke
of Toscani, Ferdinand II. The development of
today's thermometers and temperature scales began in the early 18th
century, when Gabriel Fahrenheit produced a mercury thermometer
and scale, both developed by Ole Christensen Rømer. Fahrenheit's
scale is still in use, alongside the Celsius and Kelvin scales.
 6 BASIC TYPES OF
TEMPERATURE
MEASURING SENSORS
 Thermocouples

• Thermocouples are voltage devices that indicate temperature measurement with a

change in voltage. As temperature goes up, the output voltage of the thermocouple
rises - not necessarily linearly.

• Often the thermocouple is located inside a metal or ceramic shield that protects it
from exposure to a variety of environments. Metal-sheathed thermocouples also are
available with many types of outer coatings, such as Teflon, for trouble-free use in
acids and strong caustic solutions.
 Resistive Temperature Measuring Devices
• Resistive temperature measuring devices also are electrical. Rather than using a
voltage as the thermocouple does, they take advantage of another characteristic
of matter which changes with temperature - its resistance. The two types of
resistive devices we deal with at OMEGA Engineering, Inc., in Stamford, Conn., are
metallic, resistive temperature devices (RTDs) and thermistors.

• In general, RTDs are more linear than are thermocouples. They increase in a
positive direction, with resistance going up as temperature rises. On the other
hand, the thermistor has an entirely different type of construction. It is an
extremely nonlinear semiconductive device that will decrease in resistance as
temperature rises.
 Infrared Sensors

• Infrared sensors are non-contacting sensors. As an example, if you hold up a

typical infrared sensor to the front of your desk without contact, the sensor
will tell you the temperature of the desk by virtue of its radiation–probably
68°F at normal room temperature.

• In a non-contacting measurement of ice water, it will measure slightly under

0°C because of evaporation, which slightly lowers the expected
temperature reading.
 Bimetallic Devices

• Bimetallic devices take advantage of the expansion of metals when they are heated. In
these devices, two metals are bonded together and mechanically linked to a pointer. When
heated, one side of the bimetallic strip will expand more than the other. And when geared
properly to a pointer, the temperature measurement is indicated.

• Advantages of bimetallic devices are portability and independence from a power supply.
However, they are not usually quite as accurate as are electrical devices, and you cannot
easily record the temperature value as with electrical devices like thermocouples or RTDs;
but portability is a definite advantage for the right application.
 Thermometers
• Thermometers are well-known liquid expansion devices also used for
temperature measurement. Generally speaking, they come in two main
classifications: the mercury type and the organic, usually red, liquid type. The
distinction between the two is notable, because mercury devices have certain
limitations when it comes to how they can be safely transported or shipped.

• For example, mercury is considered an environmental contaminant, so

breakage can be hazardous. Be sure to check the current restrictions for air
transportation of mercury products before shipping.
 Change-of-state Sensors

• Change-of-state temperature sensors measure just that– a change in the state of a

material brought about by a change in temperature, as in a change from ice to
water and then to steam. Commercially available devices of this type are in the
form of labels, pellets, crayons, or lacquers.

• For example, labels may be used on steam traps. When the trap needs adjustment,
it becomes hot; then, the white dot on the label will indicate the temperature rise
by turning black. The dot remains black, even if the temperature returns to normal.
Temperature
Measurement
Measurement and Control
 Introduction

• The accurate measurement of temperature is vital across abroad

spectrum of human activites.
- Including Industrial processes and manufacturing
- Monitoring
-Health and Safety
• In fact, in almost every sector, temperature is one of the key parameters to be
measured.
 Scale

• Temperature is a measure of thermal energy in the body. Normally

measured in degrees using one of the following:
1. Fahrenheit
2. Celsius or Centigrade
3. Kelvin
 Liquid in Glass Thermometer

• Construction
1. Bulb: The reservoir for containing most of the thermometric liquid
(mecury).
2. Stem: The glass tub having a capillary bore along which the liquid moves
with changes in temperature.
3. Scale: A narrow-temperature scale for reading a reference temperature.
• The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature;
the small change in volume drives the narrow mercury
column a relatively long way up the tube.

• The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen or it

may be at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial vacuum.
 Advantages

1. Simplicity in use and low cost

2. Portable Device
3. Checking physical damage is easy
4. Power source not require
 Disadvantages

1. Can not used for automatic recording

2. Time lag measurement
3. Range is limited to about 300 degrees celcius
 Bimetallic Thermometer

• In industry, there is always a need to measure and monitor temperature of

particular spot, field or locality.
• The industrial names given to such temperature sensors are Temperature
Indicators or Temperature Gauges.
• All these temperature gauges belong to the class of instruments that are
known s bimetallic sensors.
Two basic principles of operation is to be followed in
the case of a bimetallic sensor.

1. A metal tends to undergo a volumetric dimensional change

(expansion/contraction), according to the change in temperature.
2. Different metals have different co-efficient of temperatures. The rate of
volumetric change depends on this co-efficient of temperature.
 Advantages

1. Power source not required

2. Robust, easy to use and cheap
3. Can be used to 500 degrees celcius
 Disadvantages

1. Not very accurate

2. Limited to applications where manual reading is not acceptable
3. Not suitable for very low temperatures because the expansion of metals
tend to be too similar, so the device becomes a rather insensitive
thermometer.
 Pressure Thermometer

1. Liquid Pressure Thermometers.

-usually mercury is a liquid
Principle of working :
expansion of liquid due to an increase in the pressure in a given volume

Range : -30 to 550 degree Celsius

2. Vapour Pressure Thermometer:
-Liquid and vapour of the same liquid
-The liquid-vapour system does not have any error as it follows Dalton’s laws
of partial pressure which states that if both liquid and vapour are present there
is only one saturation pressure corresponding to a given temperature

Range : up to 100 degree Celsius

 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

RTD can also be called a resistance thermometer as the temperature

measurement will be a measure of the output resistance.

The main principle of operation of an RTD is that when the temperature of an

object increases or decreases the resistance also increases or decreases
proportionally.
 RTD types

RTD types are broadly classified according to the different sensing elements
used .

Platinum, Nickel and Copper are the most commonly used sensing elements .
RTD Styles
 RTD

Resistance Temperature Detector – 2 Wire

Copper Lead wires are satisfactory for all the arrangements.

For a given RTD, all the lead-wires should be of the same gauge and the same
length, and should be run in the same circuit.
 Advantages

1. Very high accuracy

2. Excellent stability and reproducibility
3. Interchangeability
4. Ability to be matched to close tolerances for temperature difference
measurements.
5. Ability to measure narrow spans.
6. Suitability for remote measurement.
 Disadvantages
1. Susceptibility to mechanical damage
2. Need for lead wire resistance compensation
3. Sometimes expensive
4. Susceptibility to self heating error
5. Susceptibility to signal noise
6. Unsusceptibility for their use in electrically conducting substance
7. Generally not repairable
8. Need for power supply
 Pyrometer

• A pyrometer is a device that is used for the temperature measurement of an object

• The device actually track and measure the amount of heat that is radiated from an
object.
• The thermal heat radiates from the object to the optical system present inside the
pyrometer.
• The optical system makes the thermal radiation into a better focus and passes it to
the detector
• In an optical pyrometer, a brightness comparison is made to
measure the temperature
• The device compares the brightness produce by the radiation
of the object whose temperature is to be measured,
• For an object, its light intensity always depends on the
temperature of the object
• After adjusting the temperature, the current passing through
it is measured using a multi meter, as its value will be
proportional to the temperature of the source when
calibrated
International
Practical Temperature
 • The International temperature scale (ITS) is a
combination of established numerical values of
International reference points, interpolation dependencies and
Practical Temperature techniques which ensure the unity of temperature
measurements. It is developed on the basis of
Scale generalizations made by the consulting committee
on thermometry and is affirmed by the General
Conference on Weights and Measures.
 • The international practical temperature scale (IPTS )
of 1948 was the result of refinements in the values
of reference points of ITS-27. In IPTS-68, "Kelvin"
International (K) was first defined as a unit of temperature. This
Practical Temperature scale can be used for the low temperature range
down to the triple point of hydrogen of 13.81 K
Scale (−253.34°C). The number of main reference points
was increased to 13. The estimated error of values of
reference points was 0.01 K for the low-temperature
range and reached 0.2 K at the gold solidifying
point.
 International Practical Temperature Scale

• In 1976, a Preliminary Temperature Scale (EPT-76) was accepted for use

which ensured unity of measurements in the temperature range of 0.5−30 K.
ITS-76 coincided with IPTS-68 at the neon boiling point (~27 K).
• ITS-90 was placed in service beginning Jan. 1, 1990. The unit of
thermodynamic temperature T90—kelvin (K)—was defined in ITS-90 as
1/273.16 part of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
The temperature expressed in degree Celsius (°C) is designated as t90 and is
defined
International Practical Temperature
Scale

• The ITS-90 has the following fields of definition: T90 is defined

between 0.65 and 5.0 K from the saturated vapor pressure of
helium isotopes 3He and 4He; T90 between 3.0 K and the triple
point of neon (24.5561 K) is defined by the helium interpolation
gas thermometer, calibrated to three experimentally-realized
temperatures which have assigned values; T90 between the triple
point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K) and the silver solidifying
point (961.78°C) is defined by a platinum resistance thermometer,
calibrated to reference points by the interpolation dependence of
platinum resistance on the temperature between these points;
T90 above the silver point is determined from reference points and
from Plank's radiation formula.
 Temperature Sensors -
Types, Working & Operation

Riza Reem Alvarez

Pete-5102
 Thermocouples

• Thermocouple sensor is the most commonly used temperature sensor and

it is abbreviated as TC.
• This sensor is extremely rugged, low-cost, self-powered and can be used for
long distance.
 Thermocouples

• It is a type of temperature sensor, which is made by joining two dissimilar metals

at one end.
• The joined end is referred to as the HOT JUNCTION. The other end of these
dissimilar metals is referred to as the COLD END or COLD JUNCTION.
• The cold junction is actually formed at the last point of thermocouple material. If
there is a difference in temperature between the hot junction and cold junction, a
small voltage is created.
• This voltage is referred to as an EMF (electro-motive force) and can be measured
and in turn used to indicate temperature.
Thermocouples
 Resistor Temperature Detector (RTD)

• RTD sensor is one of the most accurate sensors.

• This sensor is made from platinum, nickel, and copper metals.
• It has a wide range of temperature measurement capabilities as it can be
used to measure temperature in the range between -270oC to +850oC.
 Resistor Temperature Detector (RTD)

• The RTD is a temperature sensing device whose resistance changes with

temperature.
• RTDs can take many different shapes like wire wound, thin film.
• To measure the resistance across an RTD, apply a constant current,
measure the resulting voltage, and determine the RTD resistance.
• RTDs exhibit fairly linear resistance to temperature curves over their
operating regions, and any non-linearity are highly predictable and
repeatable.
 Thermistors

• Another type of sensor is a thermistor temperature sensor, which is

relatively inexpensive, adaptable, and easy to use.
• Thermistors are made from manganese and oxides of nickel, which make
them susceptible to damages.
 Thermistors

• Similar to the RTD, the thermistor is a temperature sensing device whose

resistance changes with temperature.
• Thermistors, however, are made from semiconductor materials. Resistance
is determined in the same manner as the RTD, but thermistors exhibit a
highly nonlinear resistance vs. temperature curve.
• Thus, in the thermistors operating range we can see a large resistance
change for a very small temperature change. This makes for a highly
sensitive device, ideal for set-point applications.
 Thermometers

• A thermometer is a device used to measure the temperature of solids,

liquids, or gases.
• The name thermometer is a combination of two words: thermo – means
heat, and meter means to measure.
• Thermometer contains a liquid, which is mercury or alcohol in its glass tube.
 Thermometers

• A change in temperature causes some kind of mechanical motion, typically

due to the fact that most materials expand with a rise in temperature.
• Mechanical thermometers can be constructed to use liquids, solids, or even
gases as the temperature-sensitive material.
• The mechanical motion is read on a physical scale to infer the temperature.
 Liquid-in-glass thermometer
• The most common and well-known thermometer is the liquid-in-glass
thermometer.

• As the temperature rises, the liquid expands, moving up the tube. The scale
is calibrated to read temperature directly.
 Semiconductor Sensors

• Semiconductor sensors are the devices that come in the form of ICs.
Popularly, these sensors are known as an IC temperature sensor.
• They are classified into different types: Current output temperature sensor,
Voltage output temperature sensor, Resistance output silicon temperature
sensor, Diode temperature sensors and Digital output temperature sensor.
 Semiconductor Sensors

• Modern semiconductor temperature sensors offer high accuracy

and high linearity over an operating range of about 55°C to
+150°C.
• Internal amplifiers can scale the output to convenient values,
such as 10mV/°C.
• They are also useful in cold-junction compensation circuits for
wide temperature range thermocouples.
 IR sensor

• IR sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain

characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting or detecting IR
radiation.
• These sensors are non-contacting sensors.
 IR sensor

• An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR Photodiode;

together they are called as Photo – Coupler or Opto – Coupler.
• When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object
and some of the radiation reflects back to the IR receiver. Based
on the intensity of the reception by the IR receiver, the output of
the sensor is defined.
IR sensor
 THREE TYPES OF SENSOR
Thermocouples are temperature sensors that are made from two different
metals. A voltage is generated when the metals are brought together to form a
junction and there are temperature differences between them. Thermocouple
circuits are governed by fundamental physical laws that affect their ability to take
measurements.
 The Seebeck Effect
A German physician turned physicist named Thomas Johann
Seebeck took two different metals, with one at a higher temperature
than the other, and made a series circuit by joining them together to
form a junction. He found that by doing so he was able to generate
an electromotive force (emf). Emfs are voltages. Seebeck found that
the larger the temperature differences between the metals, the
higher the generated voltage, regardless of their shapes. His
discovery is called the Seebeck effect, and it is the basis of all
thermocouples.
 Law of Homogenous
Materials
This was originally known as the Law of Homogeneous Metals. A
homogeneous wire is one that is physically and chemically the same throughout.
This law states that a thermocouple circuit that is made with a homogeneous wire
cannot generate an emf, even if it is at different temperatures and thicknesses
throughout. In other words, a thermocouple must be made from at least two
different materials in order to generate a voltage. A change in the area of the
cross section of a wire, or a change in the temperature in different places in the
wire, will not produce a voltage.
 If two thermocouple junctions are at T1 and T2, then the thermal emf generated
is independent and unaffected by any temperature distribution along the wires.

In above Figure, a thermocouple is shown with junction temperatures at T1 and

T2. Along the thermocouple wires, the temperature is T3 and T4. The thermocouple
emf is, however, still a function of only the temperature gradient T2 – T1.
 Law of Intermediate
Materials
This was originally known as the Law of Intermediate Metals. The sum of all of the
emfs in a thermocouple circuit using two or more different metals is zero if the circuit is at
the same temperature.
This law is interpreted to mean that the addition of different metals to a circuit will
not affect the voltage the circuit creates. The added junctions are to be at the same
temperature as the junctions in the circuit. For example, a third metal such as copper
leads may be added to help take a measurement. This is why thermocouples may be used
with digital multimeters or other electrical components. It is also why solder may be used
to join metals to form thermocouples.
 The law of intermediate metals states that a third metal may be inserted into
a thermocouple system without affecting the emf generated, if, and only if, the junctions with
the third metal are kept at the same temperature.

When thermocouples are used, it is usually necessary to introduce additional metals into
the circuit This happens when an instrument is used to measure the emf, and when the
junction is soldered or welded. It would seem that the introduction of other metals would
modify the emf developed by the thermocouple and destroy its calibration. However, the law
of intermediate metals states that the introduction of a third metal into the circuit will have
no effect upon the emf generated so long as the junctions of the third metal are at the same
temperature, as shown in Above Figure
 Law of Successive or
Intermediate Temperatures

A thermocouple made from two different metals produces an emf, E1, when the
metals are at different temperatures, T1 and T2, respectively. Suppose one of the metals
has a temperature change to T3, but the other remains at T2. Then the emf created when
the thermocouple is at temperatures T1 and T3 will be the summation of the first and
second, so that Enew = E1 + E2.
This law allows a thermocouple that is calibrated with a reference temperature to be
used with another reference temperature. It also allows extra wires with the same
thermoelectric characteristics to be added to the circuit without affecting its total emf.
 The law of intermediate temperatures states that the sum of the emf developed by
a thermocouple with its junctions at temperatures T1 and T2, and with its junctions
at temperatures T2 and T3, will be the same as the emf developed if the
thermocouple junctions are at temperatures T1 and T3.

This law, illustrated in above Figure, is useful in practice because it helps in giving
a suitable correction in case a reference junction temperature other than 0 °C is employed.
For example, if a thermocouple is calibrated for a reference junction temperature of 0 °C and
used with a junction temperature of 20 °C, then the correction required for the observation
would be the emf produced by the thermocouple between 0 °C and 20 °C.
 Laws of Thermocouple
Usage
Thermocouples obey three laws when in operation. First, the law of homogeneous
materials states that temperatures not applied at the junctions of the thermocouple will
not affect the produced voltage, because they do not create any more of a temperature
gradient. Second, the law of intermediate materials states that new materials injected into
the circuit will not change the voltage as long as the junctions formed by the new material
are not experiencing a temperature gradient. The law of successive temperatures states
that the voltages between three or more junctions can be added together.
 TYPES OF
THERMOCOUPLE
Type j thermocouple
 The type J is also very common. It
has a smaller temperature range and a
shorter lifespan at higher
temperatures than the Type K. It is
equivalent to the Type K in terms of
expense and reliability.

Type J Thermocouple
Type J Temperature Range:
• Thermocouple grade wire, -346 to 1,400F (-210 to 760C)
• Extension wire, 32 to 392F (0 to 200C)

Type J Accuracy (whichever is greater):

• Standard: +/- 2.2C or +/- .75%
• Special Limits of Error: +/- 1.1C or 0.4%

Consideration for bare wire type J thermocouple

applications:
• The Type J Is Well Suited To Oxidizing Atmospheres
Type J Thermocouple
Type k thermocouple
(Nickel-Chromium / Nickel-Alumel)
 The type K is the most common
type of thermocouple. It’s
inexpensive, accurate, reliable, and
has a wide temperature range. The
type K is commonly found in nuclear
applications because of its relative
radiation hardness. Maximum
continuous temperature is around
1,100C.
Type K Thermocouple
Type K Temperature Range:
• Thermocouple grade wire, –454 to 2,300F (–270 to
1260C)
• Extension wire, 32 to 392F (0 to 200C)
Type K Accuracy (whichever is greater):
• Standard: +/- 2.2C or +/- .75%
• Special Limits of Error: +/- 1.1C or 0.4%
Consideration for bare wire type K thermocouple
applications:
• The Type K Is Well Suited To Oxidizing Atmospheres
Type K Thermocouple
Type t thermocouple
(Copper/Constantan)
 The Type T is a very stable
thermocouple and is often used in
extremely low temperature applications
such as cryogenics or ultra low freezers. It
is found in other laboratory environments
as well. The type T has excellent
repeatability between –380F to 392F (–
200C to 200C).

Type T Thermocouple
Type T Temperature Range:
• Thermocouple grade wire, -454 to 700F (-270 to 370C)
• Extension wire, 32 to 392F (0 to 200C)
Type T Accuracy (whichever is greater):
• Standard: +/- 1.0C or +/- .75%
• Special Limits of Error: +/- 0.5C or 0.4%
Consideration for bare wire type T thermocouple
applications:
• The Type T Is Well Suited To Oxidizing Atmospheres
Type T Thermocouple
Type N thermocouple
(Nicrosil / Nisil)
 The Type N shares the same
accuracy and temperature limits as
the Type K. The type N is slightly more
expensive. The type N has better
repeatability between 572F to 932F
(300C to 500C) compared to the type
K.

Type N Thermocouple
Type N Temperature Range:
• Maximum continuous operating temperature: up to 2,300F (1,260C)
• Short term use: 2,336F (1,280C)
• Thermocouple grade wire, -454 to 2300F (-270 to 1,260C)
• Extension wire, 32 to 392F (0 to 200C)

Type N Accuracy (whichever is greater):

• Standard: +/- 2.2C or +/- .75%
• Special Limits of Error: +/- 1.1C or 0.4%

Consideration for bare wire type E thermocouple

applications:
• The type N holds up better to oxidation at high temperatures when
compared to the type K.
Type N Thermocouple
Type E thermocouple
(Nickel-Chromium/Constantan)
 The Type E has a stronger signal &
higher accuracy than the Type K or
Type J at moderate temperature
ranges of 1,000F and lower. The type E
is also more stable than the type K,
which adds to its accuracy.

Type E Thermocouple
Type E Temperature Range:
• Thermocouple grade wire, -454 to 1600F (-270 to 870C)
• Extension wire, 32 to 392F (0 to 200C)
Type E Accuracy (whichever is greater):
• Standard: +/- 1.7C or +/- 0.5%
• Special Limits of Error: +/- 1.0C or 0.4%
Consideration for bare wire type E thermocouple
applications:
• In oxiding or inert atmospheres the operating range is
roughly –418F to 1,652F (–250C to 900C).

Type E Thermocouple
Type B thermocouple
(Platinum Rhodium – 30% / Platinum Rhodium – 6%)
 The Type B thermocouple is used in
extremely high temperature applications. It has
the highest temperature limit of all of the
thermocouples listed above. It maintains a high
level of accuracy and stability at very high
temperatures. The type B has a lower output
than the other noble metals (type R & type S) at
temperatures below 1,112F (600C).

Type B Thermocouple
Type B Temperature Range:
• Thermocouple grade wire, 32 to 3100F (0 to
1700C)
• Extension wire, 32 to 212F (0 to 100C)

Accuracy (whichever is greater):

• Standard: +/- 0.5%
• Special Limits of Error: +/- 0.25%

Type B Thermocouple
Type R thermocouple
(Platinum Rhodium -13% / Platinum)
 The Type R is used in very high temperature
applications. It has a higher percentage of
Rhodium than the Type S, which makes it more
expensive. The Type R is very similar to the Type
S in terms of performance. It is sometimes used
in lower temperature applications because of its
high accuracy and stability. Type R has a slightly
higher output and improved stability over the
type S.

Type R Thermocouple
Type R Temperature Range:
• Thermocouple grade wire, -58 to 2700F (-50 to 1480C)
• Extension wire, 32 to 392F (0 to 200C)

Accuracy (whichever is greater):

• Standard: +/- 1.5C or +/- .25%
• Special Limits of Error: +/- 0.6C or 0.1%

Type R Thermocouple
Type S thermocouple
(Platinum Rhodium - 10% / Platinum)
 The Type S is used in very high
temperature applications. It is commonly
found in the BioTech and Pharmaceutical
industries. It is sometimes used in lower
temperature applications because of its
high accuracy and stability. The type S is
often used with a ceramic protection tube.

Type S Thermocouple
Type S Temperature Range:
• Maximum continuous operating temperature: up to 2,912F (1600C)
• Short term use: up to 3,092F (1,700C)
• Thermocouple grade wire, -58 to 2700F (-50 to 1480C)
• Extension wire, 32 to 392F (0 to 200C)

Accuracy (whichever is greater):

• Standard: +/- 1.5C or +/- .25%
• Special Limits of Error: +/- 0.6C or 0.1%

Consideration for bare wire type J thermocouple applications:

• The Type S can be used in inert and oxidizing atmospheres up to 2,912F
(1600C) continuously and up 3,092F (1,700C) for short term use.

Type S Thermocouple
 RTD vs Thermocouple

RTD Thermocouple
• More reliable measurements • Cheaper
• Cheaper installation • More durable
• More accurate • Bigger range of temperature
• More repeatable • Measurement speed