General Chemistry 1

Question:
“What is
your motto in
life?”
Motto:
“Age doesn’t
matter.”
Motto:
“Height doesn’t
matter.”
Motto:
“Love is all
that
matter.”
Common Word:

“Matter”
Question:
“What is
matter?”
Matter
Anything that
occupies space
and has mass.
Mass
• the amount of matter
in an object
• measured with a
balance
Volume
• the amount of space an
object takes up
• measured with a ruler
or graduated cylinder
 Classification of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space.
We can classify matter based on whether it’s
solid, liquid, or gas.
 Classifying Matter
by Physical State
Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or
gas based on the characteristics it exhibits.

• fixed = keeps shape when placed in a container

• indefinite = takes the shape of the container
 Solids
 The particles in a solid are packed close
together and are fixed in position.
– though they may vibrate
 The close packing of the particles results
in solids being incompressible.
 The inability of the particles to move
around results in solids retaining their
shape and volume when placed in a new
container, and prevents the solid from
flowing.
 Crystalline Solids

Some solids have their

particles arranged in
an orderly geometric
pattern ─ we call these
crystalline solids.
– salt
– diamonds
– sugar
 Amorphous Solids
Some solids have their
particles randomly
distributed without any
long-range pattern ─ we
call these amorphous
solids.
– plastic
– glass
– charcoal
 Liquids
 The particles in a liquid are closely
packed, but they have some ability to
move around.
 The close packing results in liquids
being incompressible.
 The ability of the particles to move
allows liquids to take the shape of
their container and to flow; however,
they don’t have enough freedom to
escape and expand to fill the
container.
 Gases
In the gas state, the particles have
complete freedom from each other.
The particles are constantly flying
around, bumping into each other
in the container.
In the gas state, there is a lot of
empty space between the particles.
– on average
 Gases
Because there is a lot of empty
space, the particles can be
squeezed closer together;
therefore, gases are
compressible.
Because the particles are not
held in close contact and are
moving freely, gases expand to
fill and take the shape of their
container, and will flow.
Classifying Matter by
Composition
Another way to classify matter
is to examine its composition.
composition includes:
– types of particles
– arrangement of the particles
– attractions and attachments
between the particles
 Classification of Matter
by Composition
Matter whose composition does not
change from one sample to another is
called a pure substance.
– made of a single type of atom or molecule
– With component particles that are
identical and have a definite composition.
Example:

Water
Sugar
Salt
Aluminum
copper
Example:

How about
milk?
Example:

Milk, however, is made up of

different substances like water,
fat, calcium, and other
minerals.
Milk, therefore, is not a pure
substance.
Example:

Is mineral
water a pure
substance?
Explain.
Example:

Mineral water is not a

pure substance because it
contains many dissolved
materials.
 Classification of Matter
by Composition
Matter whose composition may vary
from one sample to another is called a
mixture.
– two or more types of atoms or molecules
combined in variable proportions
– Because composition varies, different
samples have different characteristics.

27
Example:

Did you eat

any single item
that was a pure
substance?
Example:

We usually combine

pure substances with
other pure substances.
The result is known as a
mixture.
Example:

Sandwich
Chocolate
 Classification of Matter
by Composition

1)made of one type 1)made of multiple

of particle types of particles
2)All samples show 2)Samples may
the same intensive show different
properties. intensive
properties.
Intensive Properties

It doesn’t change when you take away

some of the sample.
Example:
- Temperature - Density
- Color - boiling point
- Hardness - melting point
- Pressure
- weight
Extensive Properties

It is a property that changes when the size

of the sample changes.
Example:
- Mass
- Volume
- Length
 Classification of Pure Substances 
Elements
Pure substances that cannot be
decomposed into simpler substances by
chemical reactions are called elements.
– decomposed = broken down
– basic building blocks of matter
– composed of single type of atom
• though those atoms may or may not be
combined into molecules
 Classification of Pure Substances 
Compounds

Substances that can be decomposed are

called compounds.
– chemical combinations of elements
– composed of molecules that contain two or
more different kinds of atoms
– All molecules of a compound are identical,
so all samples of a compound behave the
same way.
Most natural pure substances are compounds.
 Classification of Pure Substances

1) made of one 1)made of

type of atom one type of
(some molecule,
elements or array of
found as ions
multi-atom 2)units
molecules in
contain two
nature)
or more
2) combine
together to different
make kinds of
compounds atoms
 Classification of Mixtures
homogeneous = mixture that has
uniform composition throughout
–Every piece of a sample has identical
characteristics, though another
sample with the same components
may have different characteristics.
–atoms or molecules mixed uniformly
Example: Solutions

Vinegar
Rubbing Alcohol
Soy sauce
cologne
Example: Homogeneous

Air that you breath

Softdrink
Humid air
Example:

Ever had a
glass of colloid
lately?
Example:

You have if you drank a

glass of milk.
Colloid

It has component

particles that are bigger
than those in solution but
they are still too small to
be seen.
Example:

Every time you look up to

the sky, you see white
colloids floating around.
Example:

The water particles in a

cloud scatter light that
shines on them, giving
clouds their usual white
colors.
 Classification of Mixtures
heterogeneous = mixture that
does not have uniform composition
throughout
–contains regions within the sample
with different characteristics
–atoms or molecules not mixed
uniformly
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Example: Suspension

This is a solid in liquid

mixture.
- Halo – halo
- Sago and gulaman in a
glass.
 Classification of Mixtures
1) made of 1) made of
multiple multiple
substances, substances,
whose but appears
presence can to be one
be seen substance
2) Portions of a 2) All portions of
sample have an individual
different sample have
composition the same
and composition
properties. and
properties.
47
Changes in Matter

Changes that alter the state or appearance

of the matter without altering the
composition are called physical changes.
Changes that alter the composition of the
matter are called chemical changes.
– During the chemical change, the atoms that are
present rearrange into new molecules, but all
of the original atoms are still present.

48
Physical Changes in Matter

The boiling of
water is a
physical change.
The water
molecules are
separated from
each other, but
their structure
and composition
do not change.
49
Chemical Changes in Matter

The rusting of iron is

a chemical change.
The iron atoms in
the nail combine
with oxygen atoms
from O2 in the air to
make a new
substance, rust, with
a different
composition.
 Properties of Matter
Physical properties are the characteristics of
matter that can be changed without changing its
composition.
– characteristics that are directly observable

Chemical properties are the characteristics that

determine how the composition of matter changes
as a result of contact with other matter or the
influence of energy.
– characteristics that describe the behavior of matter
 Common Physical Changes

processes that cause Subliming of Dry Ice

changes in the matter
that do not change its CO2(g)
composition
state changes
Dry Ice
– boiling/condensing
– melting/freezing
– subliming
CO2(s)
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 Common Physical Changes

Dissolving of Sugar
C12H22O11(s)

C12H22O11(aq)
Phase Changes of Water

melting evaporating
ICEfreezing WATERcondensing STEAM
(solid) (liquid) (gas)
Properties of Matter include:

How it looks (shiny, dull, colored)

How it feels (hard, soft, rough, smooth)
How it smells (sweet, salty, flowery)
How it sounds (loud, soft, hollow)
How it tastes (sweet salty, bitter, sour)
What it does (bounce, bubble, tear)
Welcome to the Wonderful
World of Science

…more exciting adventures will

follow.