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Solar PV Integration
Challenges
By Farid Katiraei and Julio Romero Agüero
IEEE power & energy magazine
University of Talca
Curico, Chile
[email protected]
Introduction
 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS (PV-DG) ARE ONE of the
fastest growing types of renewable energy sources that are integrated throughout the
world in distribution systems.
 In countries such as the United States and Canada, the PV-DG systems increase and
many problems arise due to this, so this article deals with the way to approach the
impact produced by the PV-DG systems in the grid.
 This article introduces new study tools and methodologies to help utility engineers
investigate the potential impact of these new types of generation on the grid. In
addition, it will help engineers pursue remedial actions to reduce the barriers related
to PV-DG interconnection while preventing adverse impacts on the integrity and power
quality of the grid.
Page 1
Studies for Utility-Scale Photovoltaic
Distributed Generation
 The PV-DG systems can be classified as follows:
 Utility-Scale PV-DG
 Utility scale PV-DG, these systems have a power of 1 to 10 [MW] and are connected directly in
conventional feeders or in distribution substations .Utility scale PV-DG has nominal capacities
compatible with substation ratings or manageable by medium-voltage distribution feeders (e.g.,
12.47-kV feeders).
 Medium-Scale PV-DG
 Capacities range from 10–1,000 kW and include installations on small or large buildings (e.g.,
residential complexes, retail stores, government sites, and other buildings). Their typical
interconnection configuration depends on the capacity of the PV-DG system.
 Small-Scale PV-DG
 With power of up to 10 [kW], comprise small businesses or houses, residences and connected to
secondary lines (120/240 V). The PV-DG system is usually single phase and can produce more or
less electricity than required by the customer’s load.
Page 2
Studies for Utility-Scale Photovoltaic
Distributed Generation
Figure 2. Aggregation of small, rooftop PV-DG units.
Figure 1. Utility-scale PV-DG plant (PCC

signifies point of common connection).
Page 3
Need for PV-DG Impact Studies
 Since the passage of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) in 1978, typical
applications of distributed generation have consisted of reciprocating engines or small
hydro plants whose ac power injection is relatively constant and require only a transformer
for interconnection to the distribution system.
 Impact studies are generally intended for quantifying the extent of the issues and providing
utilities with guidelines, tools, and processes with which to manage the expected steady-
state and dynamic transient impacts of PV-DG.
 Distribution systems have been designed to operate radially, but distributed generation
causes problems for current systems, impact studies serve to quantify the problems that
occur and give companies tools that can manage the impacts, these They can be in steady
state and dynamic, which include:
 Changes in feeder voltage profiles, including voltage rise and unbalance.
 Power quality, PV-DG intermittency may lead to voltage fluctuation issues.
 Change in electric losses, where relatively large reverse power flow may increase losses.
 Reliability and operation of the system.
Page 4
Impact Studies
 The typical scope of work for PV-DG impact studies includes:
 Identifying the local and/or system wide impacts of PV-DG on the power distribution grid.
 Providing utility customers with guidelines regarding the expected impacts as a function of the
penetration level of PV-DG.
 Assessing potential mitigation measures for any problem discovered during the study.
 Reliability and operation of the system.
 The main objectives of impact studies are to::
 Quantify steady-state impacts.
 Quantify dynamic impacts.
 Determine remedial measures.
 Assessing PV-DG impacts requires the intensive use of computer simulations. Addressing
various types of impacts necessitates concurrent use of steady-state and dynamic
simulation tools.
 These studies require the use of computer simulators, each impact can be evaluated at the
same time for a stable and dynamic state. The new form of evaluation is called quasi-static
analysis. it is a statistical analysis of power flow in given time intervals.
Page 5
Impact Studies
Figure 3. Generalized approach for PV-DG impact studies on distribution systems.

Page 6
Potential Steady-State Impacts and Concerns
 Reverse Power Flow:
 Inverse power flow and this can affect the protection systems, feeder, and substation levels, as shown in
Figure 4. Reverse power flow can negatively affect protection coordination and operation of line voltage
regulators. Under high-penetration scenarios, the total PV-DG output will likely offset the feeder load.
 Voltage Rise and Fluctuations:
 Due to the intermittency of the system. Both issues worsen as the penetration level of PV-DG increases. The
effects are particularly evident and problematic when large PV-DG plants are connected near the end of long,
lightly loaded feeders.
 Voltage Rise and Fluctuations Interaction with Capacitor Banks, LTCs, and Line VRs:
 Voltage rise and fluctuations have a direct impact on feeder voltage profiles, which can lead to frequent
operation of LTCs, line VRs, and voltage-controlled capacitor banks. This may cause additional step-voltage
changes.
Page 7
Figure 4. Reverse power flow for various penetration Figure 5. Impact of PV-DG on feeder voltage profile.
levels of PV-DG.
Page 8
 Reactive Power Fluctuations:
 Frequent on-off switching of voltage-controlled capacitor banks lead to fluctuations in the flow of reactive
power. If the penetration level of PV-DG plants is large and widespread, this may also affect subtransmission
and transmission systems.
 Modification of Feeder Section Loading:
 may affect the loading of feeder sections. Therefore, before installing utility-scale PV-DG plants, it is
necessary to verify that the feeder sections located between the PV-DG plants and substation have enough
available capacity to distribute the surplus power of the PV-DG plants (after subtracting local and downstream
load).
 Increase in Power Losses:
 The impact of PV-DG on losses is similar to that on section loading. For low to moderate penetration levels,
line losses tend to decrease until they reach a minimum.
Page 9
Figure 6. Reactive power fluctuations due to Figure 7. Feeder section loading as a function of PV-DG
interconnection of PV-DG. penetration level.
Page 10
Dynamic Analysis and Effects
 Dynamic studies analyze events of rapid variation, for example the effect of clouds in solar systems or
when the system starts. The main study objectives are usually to determine the impact of PV-DG
integration on voltage transients and power quality (e.g., voltage sags, swells, and flicker) and / or
PV-DG behavior during faults and system dynamics.
 Dynamic analysis generally covers study cases for light and heavy load conditions such as sudden
connection and disconnection (tripping) of a PV-DG plant; quick, large fluctuations of the PV-DG
output due to intermittency; and accidental islanding of part of a feeder downstream of an automatic
switching device (a recloser or remote-controlled switch).
 The main study objectives are usually to determine the impact of PV-DG integration on voltage
transients and power quality (e.g., voltage sags, swells, and flicker) and/ or PV-DG behavior during
faults and system dynamics. Such studies typically include potential interactions of conventionaland
nonconventional voltage control devices on a feeder.
Page 11
Dynamic Analysis and Effects
Figure 8. Proposed approach for PV-DG dynamic studies.

Page 12
Need and Future Direction
 There is an urgent need for systematic interconnection studies due to the proliferation of utility-scale
PV-DG and high penetration PV integration scenarios.
 These studies need to cover various steady-state and dynamic aspects of distribution feeders operation
under the new generation and load regime.
 Eventually, utilities will likely build data repositories of actual field measurement data for selected (or
representative) areas in their systems for which a high penetration of emerging loads (e.g., EV) or
generation (e.g., PV and/or wind) may be expected.
Page 13

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Solar PV Integration

Figure 2. Aggregation of small, rooftop PV-DG units.

Figure 1. Utility-scale PV-DG plant (PCC

Figure 3. Generalized approach for PV-DG impact studies on distribution systems.

Figure 8. Proposed approach for PV-DG dynamic studies.

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