Chapter 2 - C Programming Language

C Programming Language
Key Terms
 Program – an organized list of instructions that, when executed
causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner.
 Programming Language – is vocabulary and set of grammatical

rules for instructing a computer or computing device to perform
specific tasks.
2 Elements of Programming Language

 Syntax - refers to the rules that specify the correct combined sequence used to
form a correctly structured program using a given programming language.
 Semantics - is a term for the ways that data and commands are presented.
Key Terms
 Programming – is the implementation of logic to facilitate specified
computing operations and functionality.
 Programming language semantics and syntax are used when constructing
a program.
 Requires knowledge of application domains, algorithms and programming

language expertise.
 Compiler - is a special program that processes statements written

in a particular programming language and turns them into machine
language or "code" that a computer's processor uses.
Key Terms
 Integrated Development Environment (IDE) –
A graphical user interface (GUI)-based workbench designed to aid a

programmer/developer in building software applications or programs with
an integrated environment combined with all the required tools at hand.
Lists of Programming Languages
 JavaScript
 Python
 Java
 C / C++
 PHP
 Swift
 C#
 Ruby
 Objective – C
 SQL
What is C Language?
 is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming
language developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie, an American
computer scientist at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the
UNIX operating system.
 It is known as middle level language because it has the power of a

lower level language and easy syntax like high level language.
What is C Language?
 High Level Language (HLL) - is any programming language that
enables development of a program in a much more user-friendly
programming context and is generally independent of the computer's
hardware architecture. They are referred to as "closer to humans.“
 Low Level Language - is a programming language that deals with a

computer's hardware components and constraints. It is referred as a
computer native language.
Why Learn C Language?
 C is a Middle-Level Language - The middle-level languages are
somewhere between the Low-level machine understandable assembly
languages and High-Level user friendly languages.
 Helps to understand the fundamentals of Computer Theories
 Fewer Libraries - C programming language has fewer libraries in

comparison with other high-level languages.
 Library – is a collection of precompiled routines that a program can use.
 Execution Time
 Embedded Programming
IDE Setup
Turbo C
Optional IDE
Code Blocks
Environment Setup
 Turbo C - is an integrated development environment (IDE) and
compiler for programming in the C language. A tool for writing
programs in the C programming Language.
 It was developed by Borland Software Corporation and first

introduced in 1987.
Structure of C Programs
A C program basically consists of the following parts :
 Preprocessor Commands / Header Files
 Functions
 Variables
 Statements & Expressions
 Comments
A simple code that would print the words “Hello World”.
Let us take a look at the various parts of the above program:
 The first line of the program #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor command or
header files, which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to actual
compilation.
 The next line int main() is the main function where the program execution begins.
 The next line /*...*/ will be ignored by the compiler and it has been put to add
additional comments in the program. So such lines are called comments in the
program.
 The next line printf(...) is another function available in C which causes the message
"Hello, World!" to be displayed on the screen.
 The next line return 0; terminates the main() function and returns the value 0.
Header Files
 The files that are specified in the include section is called as
Preprocessor Command or commonly known as Header Files.
 These are precompiled files that has some functions defined in them.
 Header File is given a file extension of .h
 C Programs or source files is given a file extension of .c

Main Function
 This is the “Starting Point” of a program.
 When the file is executed, the start point is the

main function.
 Main function is compulsory for any C program.

Comments
 Comments are like helping text in your C

program and they are ignored by the compiler.
2 Types of Comments
 Single Line Comments (//)
 Multi Line Comments (/* */)

Functions
 Functions - is a block of code that performs a specific task.
2 Types of Functions
1. Standard Library Functions
The standard library functions are built-in functions in C programming. These
functions are defined in header files. For example,
 The printf(..) is a standard library function to send formatted output to the

screen (display output on the screen). This function is defined in the stdio.h
header file.
 Hence, to use the printf(..) function, we need to include the stdio.h header file
using #include <stdio.h>.
Functions
2. User – Defined Functions
Functions which are defined by the user at the time of writing
program. These functions are made for code reusability and for
saving time and space.

Return Function
 This is the “Ending Point” of a program.

Compile & Execute C Programs
1. Write a C program
2. Save the program using F2 or File > Save in the menu bar. The file
extension should be “.c” Ex. HelloWord.c
3. Compile the program using Alt + F9 or Compile > Compile in the
menu bar.
4. Press CTRL + F9 to run the program or Select Run > Run in the
menu bar.
5. Press ALT + F5 to view the output of the program at the screen.
Reference
 Tutorialspoint.com – C Programming Language
 Introduction to C Programming Language – Sanjay Joshi (Slideshare)

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C Programming Language

 Programming Language – is vocabulary and set of grammatical

2 Elements of Programming Language

 Requires knowledge of application domains, algorithms and programming

 Compiler - is a special program that processes statements written

A graphical user interface (GUI)-based workbench designed to aid a

 It is known as middle level language because it has the power of a

 Low Level Language - is a programming language that deals with a

 Helps to understand the fundamentals of Computer Theories

 Fewer Libraries - C programming language has fewer libraries in

 It was developed by Borland Software Corporation and first

 Preprocessor Commands / Header Files

 Statements & Expressions

 Header File is given a file extension of .h

 C Programs or source files is given a file extension of .c

 This is the “Starting Point” of a program.

 When the file is executed, the start point is the

 Main function is compulsory for any C program.

 Comments are like helping text in your C

 Multi Line Comments (/* */)

functions are defined in header files. For example,

 The printf(..) is a standard library function to send formatted output to the

Functions which are defined by the user at the time of writing

saving time and space.

 This is the “Ending Point” of a program.

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