Telecom

U. B. Desai

SPANN Lab
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT-Bombay
[email protected]
 Data Communication Pyramid in India

• Fiber to the curb

High
• Wireless access speed
connect.

Cell Phones • GSM + 3G1x: 55 mil

(115 to 384 GPRS – 172 kbps (shared)
kbps shared EDGE – 384 kpbs (shared)
• 50 mil phones data connect) 3G-1x -- 115 kbps (shared)

• ~ 1 mil PCOs)
Land Line Phones
(56.6 Kbps)
(PCOs, Cyber Cafes)

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 2

 Back Bone: Fiber

• Back bone will be fiber

• Very cost effective (except for the last mile)
• Various industries are laying fiber across India
(BSNL, MTNL, Reliance, Bharati, Tata-Tele, Shyam Telecom, etc.):
– In cities there will be fiber drop every 500 mts.
• in cities we expect fiber to the curb technology, already there in
parts of several metros
• thus last mile access will be from curb to building
• There is talk of fiber to home, but at present this is not cost
effective
– In rural areas there will be fiber drop every 25 kms.
• BSNL fiber is available at every taluk in the country

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 3

 Urban Scenario for Fiber in the Loop Technology

Housing Complex B
Housing Complex A

6
3 4
1 2 5

Fiber drop
Fiber drop 500 mts

Road

Serves Bldg 1,2,3 Serves Bldg 4,5,6

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 4

 Fiber Drop in India
• Avg. Village
Area ~ 6 sq. km.
• Total of 650,000
villages in India
• About 100
villages per fiber
drop
• Population per
village:
500 to 1000

Optical Fiber
Backbone

Domestically, 30,000 of BSNL's exchanges are connected by fiber an average

of one exchange for 20 villages, not including the contribution of other operators.
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 5
Thus, almost unlimited bandwidth is already possible.
 Around Each Fiber Drop

• Approx. area covered by

each fiber drop is 600 sq.kms.
• We assume each village
occupies approx. 6 sq. kms.
• Approx. 100 villages
12.5 km
covered by each fiber drop

•Objective: Connect all

villages to the Internet

Access Point Village node with Fiber

connected to fiber pole/tower antenna Drop
drop
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 6
 A Look at Access Technologies

Access Tech.
ISP
LAN (“Last Mile Prob”)

Wireless
(line of sight)
VSNL
Wired WiFi Dial-up Cable Satyam
10/100 802.11b Modem
Mbps
(56.6 Kbps) …
(Hot Spot) Fiber in corDECT
DSL the Loop
802.11b
Based
Cell Phones
802.16d,e
Aug 4, 2005 based Telecom 7
 Data Rates for Copper based Last
Mile Access
• DSL (Digital Subscriber • Most copper links in India are 3
to 4 kms (from MTNL or BSNL
Line) exchange)
– Provided by BSNL using DIAS – thus ADSL only possibility
– 128 kbps always on – Problems due to poor copper
connection on existing phone links
lines in 95 towns – Most operators put their own
cables
• ADSL (Asynch. DSL)
– 6 Mbps downlink, 512 kbps • Cable Modem
uplink for 4 Kms or less – 10 to 40 Mbps downlink and
• ADSL2+, VDSL (Very high 512 to 1Mbps uplink (shared
both ways)
data rate DSL) – Most operators put a
– 30 MBPS downlink, 1 Mbps separate cable since the TV
uplink for 700m coax is of poor quality to
support data

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 8

 Wireless: GPRS, Edge, CorDECT, …
• CorDECT • EDGE (Enhanced Data
– 70 kbps; developed by Rates for GSM Evolution)
TeNet Grp of IITM; • Maximum possible data
deployed in rural India rate – 384 kbps shared
2.5G – Highest experienced
download – 82 kbps
• 3G-1x
– Highest experienced upload
– 115 kbps shared to all subs – 32 kbps
per sector
– Vendor rated average speed
• GPRS – 130 kbps
– 172 kbps shared to all
subscribers per sector

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 9

 Mobile Access: 3G - 3GPP in Europe
(3rd Generation Partnership Program)
• WCDMA • HSDPA (High Speed
– Recently deployed by Downlink Packet Access)
Vodaphone in 13 countries in – Data rates expected to go
Europe. up to 8-10 Mbps (spectral
– 5 MHz+5 MHz BW efficiency of 1 bits/sec/Hz
– Approx. 2 Mbps shared by all – With MIMO, data rates can
users per sector go up to 20 Mbps
– Data rates drops drastically • In US – 1xEVDO, data
when you are at the rate of 300-500 kbps,
periphery of the sector expected to go up to 2
Mbps

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 10

 WiFi for Access
• 802.11b (WiFi, WLAN) ideally
suited for hot spots
Access Tech. • Of late extensive R and D to see if

(“Last Mile Prob.”) 802.11b can be used for access.

• Motivation: Expect 802.11b access
to be cheaper, easy to deploy,
and obviously broadband
• Operates in the unlicensed band
WiFi • Some believe it is not a good
(802.11b) access technology since the data
spectral efficiency is
0.15/bits/sec/Hz

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 11

 HOTSPOT: Typical use of WiFi typically
(Infrastructure Based)

Access Point (AP)

• An AP acts like a bridge

• Si communicates
S1 to Sj via AP.

• All comm. via AP

S3
• Every Si must be
within the range
of AP. Si need not
be within the
S2 S4 range of Sj
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 12
 • Manhattan area in
NY
• 13707 unique nodes
• 9669 nodes not
secure protected
• 4038 secured
• Nodes identified by
probing using a
802.11b card from a
car with GPS
capability
• Case of Bryant
Park community
network

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 13

802.11b based Ad Hoc Network

Basic Service Set (BSS): Stations communicate directly

with each other.

Sometimes referred to as
IBSS (Independent BSS)

S1

S3

station si must be in the

range of station sj

S2 S4
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 14
 Key Advantages
• Open IEEE Standard
• Unlicensed Band:
– 802.11 operates in the unlicensed band (ISM –
Industrial Scientific and Medical band) ~ 3 such
bands
• Cordless Telephony: 902 to 928 MHz
• 802.11b: 2.4 to 2.483 GHz (opened up in India for indoor
use and recently for outdoor use)
• 3rd ISM Band: 5.725 to 5.875 GHz
• 802.11a: 5.15 to 5.825 GHz (occupies part of 3rd ISM
band)
• 802.16d: 2 to 11 GHz

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 15

 Salient Features of 802.11a, b, g, n

802.11a 802.11b
• Operates in 5.15-5.35 GHz, • Operates in 2.4-2.483 GHz
and 5.725-5.825 GHz • 11 Mbps max data rate
• 54 Mbps max data rate, • Total band of 83 MHz
• 50mt range • 3 non-overlapping channels,
• Total band of 240MHz each of 20 MHz
• 12 non-overlapping • DSSS for the physical layer
channels, each of 20 MHz • Same MAC layer for 802.11a
BW and b
• OFDM (54 subcarriers) for
the physical layer
• Same MAC layer for 802.11a
b, and g 802.11g
• Not (yet) unlicensed in India • 54 Mbps at 10mts range
• upto 100 mts at lower data rate
802.11n: 100 Mbps WiFi • OFDM, and 802.11b MAC
expected
Aug 4, 2005 sometime in 2005 Telecom 16
 Extended Service Set

BSS1

AP1

BSS2

BSS3 BSS4
AP2

AP3 AP4

Router

Distribution System
Aug 4, 2005 Internet Telecom 17
 2003 2004 2006 2010

Mobile
Degree of Mobility

2.5G 3G
4G
Portable 802.16e

Fixed 802.11b, a, g, n

0.1 1.0 10 100

Data Rate in Mbps

From WiMax Forum

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 18

 802.16d --- WiMax – Fixed Wireless
Physical Layer: (Does not use CDMA)

• Designed to operate in the 2-11 GHz band

– NLOS: 10 km; LOS: 80 km
• Physical Layer:
– Single Carrier
– OFDM (256 carriers)
– OFDMA (2048 carries; subset of this allotted to different users)
o OFDM helps to better combat multipath interference
o Higher data rates via higher level modulation (QPSK, 64QAM, etc.)
• Optional: performance enhancement using MIMO (multi-input, multi-
output) system and sophisticated equalization
• Uses various channel coding schemes: convolutional codes, Reed-
Solomon Codes, Turbo Codes (optional)
• Channel BW: 1.5MHz to 20 MHz, (802.11b has only 20MHz)
• Data rates at 20MHz can vary from 5 Mbps to 70Mbps

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 19

 802.16e
Mobile Wireless Data Access
• 802.16e standard to be frozen • WiBro
by mid 2005 – Downlink: 18.4 Mbps
• At present, several flavors of – Uplink: 6.1 Mbps
802.16e – At 60 Km/h: downlink - 512
• Ahead in the race is the Korean kbps and uplink – 128 kbps
standard – WiBro – deployment – BW: 10 MHz
in 2006 – Carrier at 2.3 GHz
• Right behind is Intel’s 802.16e – OFDMA
version – Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
• Unlike GSM or CDMA (which
are primarily for voice), – Mobility: Midrange (less than
3G)
802.16e is primarily for data
under mobile conditions. Voice – Cell Coverage ~ 1 Km in urban
areas
will be using VoIP
– Frequency reuse of 1

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 20

 Possible Access Model using
802.11b, or 802.11a or 802.16d

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 21

 CorDECT (IIT-M, TeNeT Group)

• Earlier version
• guaranteed 70 kbps
• New version
• BB CorDECT
• 2 Mbps
• Always on, supports
telephony

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 22

 802.11b based Access
Directional Antennas

Omni Antennas

.11b
.11b
AP
.11b AP
.11b

.11b
AP with .11b
Router 802.11b AP AP with
Router
with Housing
Housing diff. channels Router Society 2
Society 1 for black, yellow or
or and orange paths ISP Connection via Fiber Village 2
Village 1
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 23
 802.11a based Access
Directional Antennas

Omni Antennas

.11b
.11b
AP
.11b AP
.11b

.11b
AP with .11b
Router 802.11a AP AP with
Router
with
diff. channels Router
Housing for black, yellow Housing
and orange paths
Society 1 Society 2

Aug 4, 2005 ISP Connection

Telecom via Fiber 24
 Could use IEEE 802.16d (WiMax) for
long links
802.16d ~ 2-11GHz

802.11b ~ 2.4GHz
11 Mbps 70 Mbps

.16a
.16a
.11b
.11b .11b
AP .11b
AP
.11b dual
mode .11b dual
AP with 802.16d AP mode
Router AP with
with Router
Router
Expect this to be popular
in Western Countries and
perhaps urban areas in
Fiber
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom developing nations 25
 60 Sectoring

60
• Coverage Area ~ 300 sq. km.
degree (50%)
• No. of villages in each sector ~ 15
• Cost of 60° antenna ~ $1400

Channel1
Channel2

Channel3

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 26

 120° Sectoring

• Coverage Area ~ 600 sq. km.

• No. of villages in each
sector ~ 30
• Cost of 120° antenna ~ $1500
120 degree 120 degree

120 degree
Channel1
Channel2

Channel3

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 27

Antenna Assembly
Requirements:
Weather proof
Line of sight
Tower (at base station) - for installing
directional antennas at about 50 m
height
Pole (at village node) - for installing
directional antennas at about 5 m
height.
May require a small tower at the
village node depending on the terrain
Cost
Antenna (16 dBi directivity gain):
20° ~ $400, 60° ~ $1400, 120°
~ $1550
Antenna Connectors and cables ~
$150
Tower ~ $4000
Pole ~ $200
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 28
 Amortized cost over 45 villages
• Cost per village kiosk for connectivity. Amortization includes cost
for the base station, tower, antenna assembly, poles, and 802.11b
solution. Does not include cost of PC, printer, battery back up,
since these remain the same irrespective of the access technology.

1x for imported 2x for imported

component components

802.11b Solution $776 $1,102

Cisco Aironet $1,729 $3,290

Aug 4, 2005 Bridge Telecom 29
 Some Remarks

• Power consideration will make WiMax system heavy duty,

and expensive
• WiMax has a complex physical layer (compared to .11b):
– Needs to support single carrier, OFDM, and OFDMA
• Multiple mandatory modulation options:
– QPSK, 16QAM on uplink as well as downlink
– BPSK for uplink
– 64 QAM for downlink
• QOS a must in WiMax
• Much more complex MAC
• Bet is on 802.16e as the future

Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 30