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Early
Period
 The History of Literature of the
Early Modern Period (16th, 17th
and partly 18th century literature),
or Early Modern literature,
succeeds Medieval literature, and
in Europe in particular Renaissance
literature.
 These period spans of time in which
literature shared intellectual, linguistic,
religious, and artistic influences. In the
Western tradition, the early periods of
literary history.
The Classical Period
1200 BCE – 455 CE
The Classical Period was a golden
age for literature and the arts.
Homeric or Heroic
Period
(1200 – 800 BCE)
 The Heroic Age was known as a stage in the
development of human societies. It gave rise to legends
about heroic deeds and mythology.
It is called the “Homeric” age because it is the period
of Homer’s Iliad. The warriors such as Agamemnon and
Achilles were probably based on historical figures who
descended into myth, as these figures do.
 The ancients took it for granted that the Homeric heroes had
once existed; some families claimed descent from them. It was
assumed that the Trojan War was a historical event, and that
although the epics might well contain some poetic exaggeration
and fictional embellishment, in general they gave a fair picture
of conditions in the era they described.
Homer
First greatest writer of epic poetry
• Lived about 800 BCE
• Wrote the “Illiad” and the
“Odyssey”
• The first to write myths down
• Broke the tradition of passing
stories orally
Hesiod
Worked as a shepherd in the mountains.
• Lived around 700 BC
• While tending his flock, muses appeared
to Hesiod, and this influenced him to
write epic poetry.
• Wrote “Theogony Works and Days”
Classical Greek
Period
(800 – 200 BCE)
The term “Classical Greece” refers to the period between the Persian
Wars at the beginning of the fifth century B.C. and the death of
Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. The classical period was an era of
war and conflict first between the Greeks and the Persians, then
between the Athenians and the Spartans—but it was also an era of
unprecedented political and cultural achievement.
 The Peloponnesian War
Unfortunately, none of these cultural achievements translated
into political stability. Athenian imperialism had alienated its
partners in the Delian League, particularly Sparta, and this
conflict played out in the decades-long Peloponnesian War
(431–404 B.C.).
Plato
ancient Greek philosopher
• Student of Socrates (c. 470–399 BCE),
teacher of Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
• Founder of the Academy, best known as
the author of philosophical works of
unparalleled influence.
Aristot
ancient Greek philosopher and scientist
le
• One of the greatest intellectual figures of
Western history.
• He was the author of a philosophical and
scientific system that became the framework
and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism
and medieval Islamic philosophy.
Classical Roman
Period
(200 BCE-455 CE)
Greece’s culture gives way to Roman power when Rome conquers Greece in
146 CE. TheRoman Republicwas traditionally founded in 509 BCE, but it
is limited in size until later. Playwrights of this time include Plautus and
Terence. After nearly 500 years as a Republic, Rome slides into a
dictatorship under Julius Caesar and finally into a monarchical empire under
Caesar Augustus in 27 CE. This later period is known as the Roman
Imperial period.
Publius Ovidius
Naso
born March 20, 43 BCE, Sulmo, Roman
Empire [now Sulmona, Italy]—died 17 CE,
Tomis, Moesia [now Constantia, Romania])
• His verse had immense influence both by
its imaginative interpretations of
classical myth and as an example of
supreme technical accomplishment.
Quintus Horatius
8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8 BC
Flaccus
• known in the English-speaking world as Horace
• was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time
of Augustus (also known as Octavian).
• The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about
the only Latin lyrics worth reading: "He can be lofty
sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace,
versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his
choice of words.”
India’s Classical Age
 During the rule of the Guptas in ancient India, great
achievements were made in mathematics, logic, astronomy,
literature, and the fine arts. The development of Sanskrit, a
literary language meaning ‘refined, classified, and perfected’, is
also closelyassociated with Gupta classicism. Classical Sanskrit
literature deals extensively with courtly culture and life.
Vishnu Sharma
• Vishnu Sharma was a Sanskrit scholar and the
author of the anthropomorphic political treatise called
Panchatantra.
• He used to live in Varanasi in the 3rd century BC.
He was also the official guru of the prince of Kasi
to teach political science to his royal disciples in a
creative way
• He wrote the Panchatantra, which is one of the
oldest collected works of Indian fables existing today.
Valmiki
• He wrote the Epic RAMAYANA in
India
• Dated variously from 5th century
BCE to first century BCE, is
attributed to him, based on the
attribution in the text itself.
Patristic Period
70 CE-455 CE
This is the period in which Saint Jerome first compiles
the Bible when Christianity spreads across Europe, and
the Roman Empire suffers its dying convulsions. In this
period, barbarians attack Rome in 410 CE and the city
finally falls to them completely in 455 CE.
Jacques Paul Migne
French priest
• published inexpensive and widely distributed editions of theological
works, encyclopedias, and the texts of the Church Fathers, with
the goal of providing a universal library for the Catholic
priesthood.
• The Patrologia Latina and the Patrologia Graeca, (along
with the Monumenta Germaniae Historica) are among the
great 19th century contributions to the scholarship of
patristics and the Middle Ages. Within the Roman Catholic
Church, Migne's editions put many original texts for the
first time into the hands of the priesthood.
Aristides of Athens
was a 2nd-century Christian Greek author
• The author of the “Apology of
Aristides”
• His feast day is August 31 in
Roman Catholicism and September
13 in Eastern Orthodoxy