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1.4.2 Making Vaccines

Vaccines provide active acquired immunity to diseases by exposing individuals to antigens to stimulate antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Effective vaccines are those that protect against disease exposure with low side effects, stimulate long-lasting immunological memory without boosters, and are inexpensive, stable, and easy to administer. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and genetically engineered varieties that are typically administered via injection but sometimes orally or nasally.

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100 views21 pages

1.4.2 Making Vaccines

Vaccines provide active acquired immunity to diseases by exposing individuals to antigens to stimulate antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Effective vaccines are those that protect against disease exposure with low side effects, stimulate long-lasting immunological memory without boosters, and are inexpensive, stable, and easy to administer. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and genetically engineered varieties that are typically administered via injection but sometimes orally or nasally.

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Moral Monday BW

• Should patients be given refunds when a


vaccine doesn’t work?
Vaccines

Mrs. Stewart
Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint
What is a Vaccine?

– a biological preparation that provides active


acquired immunity to a particular disease
Types of Immunity
• Innate
– Maybe she’s born with it

• Acquired
– Active: produced from exposure to antigens and
development of antibodies
– Passive: antibodies passed from one organism to
another (eg: breastfeeding)

• Herd - Individuals protected by immunity of


the “herd”
Herd Immunity
• More immunity =
decrease incidence of
disease

• With greater numbers


immunized, it is less
likely that an
unimmunized person
will encounter the
pathogen.

• Mass vaccination =
indirect protection for
those who do
not/cannot receive the
vaccine
Effective Vaccines
• Protect against exposure to wild forms of
pathogen
Effective Vaccines
• Have low levels of side effects or toxicity.
Effective Vaccines
• Stimulate both types of
immune responses:

1. an antibody/humoral
response
• B Cells release antibodies

2. a cell-mediated response
• Antigen specific cytotoxic
T-Cells & phagocytes
Effective Vaccines
• Have long term,
lasting effects that
produce
immunological
memory.

• Should not require


numerous doses or
boosters
Effective Vaccines

• Are inexpensive

• Have a long shelf life

• Are easy to administer.


Routes of Administration
• The majority of
vaccines are
administered by
injection
– Subcutaneous
– Intramuscular
– Intradermal
• Oral and Nasal Spray
vaccines are available
for only a few
diseases
Administration Routes
Types of Vaccines
• Live, Attenuated
• Killed or Inactivated
• Toxoid
• Subunit
• Genetically engineered
• Naked DNA
Live, attenuated (weakened)
cells (viruses)

– longest-lasting and require


fewest boosters
– However, the disease agent
could mutate back to
pathogenic strength
– Usually only for viruses
(harder to make this type for
bacteria)
– Examples: MMR, Varicella
zoster
Killed whole cells or inactivated
viruses
– Even though they are
harmless, they still contain
recognizable antigens on
their surface
– Because the microbe does
not multiply, a weaker
immune response is
stimulated vs. live vaccines
– larger doses and more
boosters are required.

– Example: Polio virus


Toxoid vaccines
– A purified toxin
produced by the
pathogen is
changed into a
toxoid and used to
elicit immune
response.

– Example: DTaP
• Diptheria,
Tetanus &
acellular
Pertussis
Subunit Vaccines
• Subunit vaccines contain
just the antigens of the
microbe that best stimulate
the immune system.
• Antigens that have been
separated from the rest of
the microbe

• Examples: Hepatitis B,
Gardasil,
Genetically engineered or
Naked DNA Vaccine
– Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a
plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts.

– The resultant protein product is used to provoke


immune system.
Recombinant DNA Technology
• Interactive site w/ animations
DNA vaccines

– These
vaccines
contain
all or part
of the
pathogen
DNA,
which is
used to
“infect” a
recipient’
s cells.
• Common argument
against
vaccination:

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