LESSON OUTCOME:

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

 Recognize the generic feature and structure of an expository text type
 Determine the specific reading and thinking strategies to use with
expository text types
 Follow the steps in the writing process and the techniques to use in each
step
 Determine the specific techniques to use when dealing with problems of
grammar and usage in expository text types
 Write an expository text types using comparison-and-contrast pattern of
development
 Compose a credo as expository text type
 Demonstrate the 21st century social and cross-culture skills
 FRANCO

GENRE FOCUS – COMPARISON-AND-CONTRAST

ESSAY
Characteristics of a Comparison-and-contrast Essay
An expository text type gives detailed information and explanation about
a specific topic. It start with an effective introduction giving a broad
explanation about the issue or topic concludes with a good restatement of
the explanation. It has a well-organized structure such as comparison-and-
contrast. It uses a variety of sentence structure and transition in order to aid
explanation. It uses effective and error-free sentence structure to
communicate explanation effectively.
A comparison-and-contrast essay shows similarities and differences
between two people, places, things, or ideas. A writer may use the pattern of
organization of this essay to compare the important points or characteristics
of two or more subjects.
A comparison-and-contrast essay may serve many writing purposes. A
writer may seek to emphasize the particular qualities of two types of thing by
comparing and contrasting them. Another use of such essay is to evaluate and
show that a particular object is not only different from but also better than
others of its kind. In a nutshell, the common purpose are to understand two
subject better, to inform others about two subject, and to decided between
two choices.
Active Strategies for Reading a Comparison-and-
Contrast Essay
Previewing. Preview the text for headings and subheadings, and sentence
that may suggest a comparison-and-contrast pattern of organization, such as
“Animals share many features,” to help you identify where similarities and
differences are tackled.

Comparing and contrasting. To find similarities, look for words and

phrases such as like, both, similarly, all, every, also, and in the same way. To
find differences, look for words and phrases such as unlike, but, more, less, on
the other hand, however, and in contrast.

Analyzing/Critiquing. Observe the characteristics of an effective

comparison-and-contrast essay. In doing so, the following should be
considered:
• A specific topic;
• An effective introduction and conclusion;
• A clearly started purpose and controlling idea, or thesis;
• Clear, logical organization; and
• A variety of transition.
 VILLEGAS
Reading a Personal Essay
Preparing to read the text
Background
Fables and fairy tales frequently tell of people’s torment or agony under a
dreadful witch’s curse. A hero or heroine comes to the rescue and lift the
curse and bring a happy ending. However, to environmentalist Rachel
Carson, in her version of a fable, the curse is one that we have brought
upon ourselves and the power to remove it.

Lead up questions
• Do you agree that the human health, ecosystem quality, and aquatic
and terrestrial biodiversity may be damaged and altered permanently
by pollution? Discuss your answer with a partner.
• What ideal solution do you think can prevent pollution?

Reading the Text

 A Fable For Tomorrow
By Rachel Carson

There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in
harmony with its surroundings. The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of
prosperous farm, with field of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white
clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. In autumn, oak and maple and birch set
up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines.
Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the
mist of the fall mornings.
Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the
traveler’s eye through much of the year. Even in winter the roadsides were places of
beauty where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the
dried weeds rising above the snow. The country was, in fact, famous for the abundance
and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in
spring and fall people traveled from great distances to observe them.
Vocabulary preview
Alder A broadly spread tree of the birch family that has toothed
leaves and bears male flowers and woody female cones
Birch A small, fast-growing tree that has thin bark (often peeling)
and bears flowers
Blight A plant disease, especially one triggered by fungi such as
decays, rusts, and filths
Malady A disease or ailment
Moribund At the point of death (of a thing) or in terminal decline; lacking
vitality or vigor
Pollination The process by which pollen is transferred from the anther
(male part) to the stigma (female part) of the plant, thus
allowing fertilization and reproduction
Specter Something generally feared as a possible horrible or dangerous
event
Viburnum A shrub or small tree of moderate and warn regions, habitually
bearing flat or rounded cluster of small white flowers
Other came to fish the stream, which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and
contained shady pools where trout lay. So it had been from the days many years ago
when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells, and built their barns.
Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. Some evil
spell had settled on the community: mysterious maladies swept the flock of chickens;
the cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death. The
farmers spoke of much illness among their families. In the town the doctors had
become more and more puzzled by new kinds of sickness appearing among their
patients. There had been several sudden and unexplained deaths, not only among
adults but also even among children, who would be stricken suddenly while at play
and die within few hours.
There was a strange stillness. The birds, for example where had they gone? Many
people spoke of them, puzzled and disturbed. The feeding stations in the backyard
were deserted. The few birds seen anywhere were moribund; they trembled violently
and could not fly. It was a spring without voices. On the morning that had once
throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens, and scores of
the other bird voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over the fields and
woods and marsh. On the farms the hens brooded, but no chicks hatched. The farmers
complained that they were unable to raise any pigs the litters were small and the young
survived only a few days. The apple trees were coming into bloom but no bees droned
among the blossoms, so there was no pollination and there would be no fruit.
The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with browned and 249 withered
vegetation as though swept by fire. These, too, were silent, deserted by all living things.
Even the streams were now lifeless. Anglers no longer Rachel Carson visited them, for
all the fish had died.
In the gutters under the eaves and between the shingles of the roofs, a white granular
powder still showed a few patches; some weeks before it had fallen like snow upon the
roofs and the lawns, the fields and streams.
No witchcraft, no enemy action had silenced the rebirth of new life in this stricken
world. The people had done it themselves.
This town does not actually exist, but it might easily have a thousand counterparts in
America or elsewhere in the world. I know of no community that has experienced all the
misfortunes I describe. Yet every one of these disaster has actually happened
somewhere, and many real communities have already suffered a substantial number of
them. A grim specter has crept upon us almost unnoticed, and this imagined tragedy
may easily become a stark reality we all shall know……
Responding to the Text
Comprehension questions
 What is the author warning us about?
 Why do you think Carson titles it “A Fable for Tomorrow”? Think about the choice
of words in the title.
 What “evil spell” could have settled on and silenced the community?
 How could he people have brought this destruction on themselves?
 What do you think are the effect of the blight?
 When does the story shift? Think of how the author’s description changes.
 What caused the destruction of nature and outbreak of sickness?

Critical thinking questions

 What side effect do you think is Carson describing when she mentions; “They[the
birds] trembled violently” in the fourth paragraph?
 Name one threat to the environment that worries you the most. What do you think
can the average individual do to deal with this threat?
 Is the town being described by Carson real? Why or why not?
 Do you think that the concerns of environmentalists/ecologists can be extreme and
counterproductive? Explain your answer.
Writing your own comparison-and-contrast essay
Preparing to write
Generating ideas for writing

Choosing a topic
 Consider one of the following in deciding your own working
topic:
• two great persons you have ever known to have made an
impact in your life;
• two wonderful places that have captured your imagination -
places you’ve visited, read about, or seen in movies; and
• Two brilliant ideas you or other people have thought of
In choosing a topic, you have to make sure that there is a “significant similarity” between
the two subject so that it will be interesting for you to compare and contrast them. For
instance, if you would like to compare two persons, say the two greatest basketball
players you have ever known in you generation, you would probably pick out Kobe
Bryant and Lebron James because both have many MVP titles and both have given their
respective teams a number of championships (these are the significant similarities).
• If a significant similarity is present and clear, then it will now be interesting to
talk about the differences.
• Once you have decided on your topic, you can then use a graphic organizer,
such as a Venn diagram or a compare-and-contrast chart, to record points of
comparison-similarities and differences.
Similarities
Venn Diagram

Differences Differences

Compare-and-contrast chat
SUBJECT 1 SUBJECT 2
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
 HERMISA

Organizing an Expository essay using comparison-and-contrast

Ask yourself three basic questions before beginning a comparison.
• Are the subject really comparable?
• What can be compared between them?
• What is the most appropriate organizational structure to use?

The pattern of organization of comparison and contrast may be developed in

either of the two ways:

Point-by-point organization. The writer may discuss one point of

comparison for both subject, then goes to the next point.
I. Type of curriculum
A. Public high schools
B. Private high schools
II. Library resources
A. Public high schools
B. Private high schools
III. Sports program
A. Public high schools
B. Private high schools
Subject-by-subject organization. The writer may cover all points of
comparison for one subject and then all points of comparison for the next
subject.
I. Public high schools
A. Type of curriculum
B. Library resources
C. Sports program
II. Private high schools
A. Type of curriculum
B. Library resources
C. Sports program

Applying language skills

Transition words that show comparison or contrast
Transition words are words that point to where the discussion is going. They
indicate what the author is trying to do. For example, the transition word,
therefore, show that the author is trying to draw a conclusion. One special
group of transition words are comparison or contrast transition words. They
signal to the reader that the author is either comparing one characteristic to
another or contrasting them.
Examples of comparison transition words and how they are used:
 Like……also
Like crocodile, an alligator also lives in marshes.
 Similarly
Similarly, a female alligator lays eggs in the mud.
 Both
Both crocodiles and alligator eat small fish.
 In the same way
In the same way, crocodiles
 Likewise
Likewise the focus on reptiles, while fascinating, is a complete misdirection.
 On the other hand,
Socialism produces a level of equality among citizen, On the other hand, extreme capitalism
makes the poor get poorer.
 In contrast,
CRT television consume more than 100 watts. In contrast, LED television consume only less
than 50 watts.
 Unlike…
Unlike other mammals, a platypus lays eggs.
 While…
While birds have feathers, bats have fur.
 But
This is an interesting quote, but difficult to remember.
Writing a first draft
Writing the introduction/introductory paragraph
Begin the draft by writing the introductory paragraph first. It should
introduce the topic, imply or tell the importance of the topic, and provide a
thesis statement that expresses the focus of comparison.

There are several ways to start an introductory paragraph. The following are
few examples:
 Start with a relevant quote.
“One man practicing sportsmanship is far better than 50 preaching It.”
- Knute Rockne
 Challenge your audience/readers with an interesting question.
Have you ever played a team sport?
 Offer a hint of what is to follow.
Basketball is probably one of the most famous sports in the world today.
 Provide important background information.
Basketball was invited in the United States in 1891, and it is now one of the
major sports in the world.

Basketball is a sport of agility and endurance that develops by hand and eye
coordination.
Now you can try writing your paragraph following the template:

Introductory paragraph

Basketball is one of the most famous sports

Introduce your topic in the world today. It is a very entertaining sport
Tell why your topic is and can be played by anyone. Basketball is
known as a good pastime for many people but
important/Explicit or can also be seen as a passion for many others.
implicit reason for While many play the sport , other follow it as
writing about the topic enthusiasts. Some people even follow player
Write a one sentence they idolize for decades. Two of the most
thesis statement popular basketball players in this generation are
Lebron James and Kobe Bryant. Even though
James and Kobe are both professional
basketball stars, they differ in their opinions
about women, preference in movies, and type
of music.
Developing the body of the essay
The body present the main points that support your thesis statement.
Make sure to use one of the two compare-and-contrast organization as a
general guide for your writing.
Subject-by-subject organization
l. SUBJECT 1 l. LEBRON JAMES

Point A A. Opinions about women

Point B B. Preference in movies
Point C C. Type of music

l. SUBJECT 2 ll. KOBE BRYANT

Point A A. Opinions about woman

Point B B. Preference in movies
Point C C. Type of music
Point-by-point organization
l. POINT 1
Subject A l. Opinions about women
Subject B A. Lebron James
B. Kobe Bryant
ll. POINT 2
Subject A ll. Preferences in movies
Subject B A. Lebron James
B. Kobe Bryant
lll. POINT 3
Subject A lll. Type of music
Subject B A. Lebron James
B. Kobe Bryant
Bringing your writing to a close

An effective ending helps the reader reflect on the message of the essay with new understanding
and appreciation.
There are a number of ways to conclude an essay. An effective ending typically does some
combination of the following:
 Restating the thesis
Original Thesis:
Even though James and Kobe are both professional basketball stars, they differ in their opinions
about women, preference in movies, and type of music.

Restatement of thesis:
Lebron and Bryant may be the top two players in the league today, but they are so different when
it comes to views on women, movie choices, and song genre.
 Highlighting one or more key supporting points
 Basketball is not only about physical strength but also about mental toughness.
 Providing a final analysis or reflection
At the end of day, people should realize that the benefits of engaging in a sport
outweigh the hardship in keeping one.
 Helping the reader appreciate the significance of the information

After all, playing basketball is one of the most effective ways for one to keep a healthy body and
sharp mind.
Editing
Editing for organization
Help your classmate improve his or her work using a peer-editing rubric. This rubric
however, will only look at the organization and development of the essay.
Peer-Editing Rubric for Compare-and-Contrast Essay
For every item below, indicate strengths and weakness by placing a check mark in the
appropriate box. Then, offer a written comment or suggestion at least once within each
shaded category section, for either an area of strength or of weakness.
AREA STRENGTH WEAKNESS COMMENTS/
SUGGESTION
ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Engaging because it
uses one of the
following: a relevant
quote, an interesting
question, or an
important back
ground information
Clear thesis statement
BODY

Clear topic sentences

Details support main

idea

Follows either point-

by-point or

Subject-by-subject
organization

Overall body supports

thesis

statement
CONCLUSION

Restatement of thesis is
present

Highlights one or more

key

Supporting points

Provides a final analysis

or

Reflection

There is a
recommendation
Revising
Revising for organization
After your classmates have edited your paper, review the comments and suggestions
they have written on the peer-editing rubric. You may incorporate significant ideas
from them.
Before you finally modify your draft, consider the additional questions below which
will further help you, evaluate your work.

 Is the purpose for the paper made clear in the opening paragraph?
 Does the paper have a sense of audience?
 Are transition used effectively?

Assessing your peers

Before you turn on your paper or publish it online, work with another classmate to
help you take a final look. Focus on finding any parts that could be made clearer, and
look for unnecessary details to eliminate. Use the peer-editing rubric once again and
see if there is an improvement in scores.

Publishing online
You may upload your work in blog sites, sites specifically created for publishing
written material, or social networking sites.
You can also publish your work by creating a podcast for classmate or friends to hear.
 TUBO

GENRE FOCUS- CREDO OR RULE OF CONDUCT

Characteristics of a credo
A credo is a statement of the beliefs or aims that guide a person’s or a group
of people’s action. It should be clear and specific. When it is read, it must
specify a stronger sense of self and a stronger sense of purpose. The language
may be straightforward. A credo is usually a list of beliefs and values.

Active strategies for reading a credo

Comparing and contrasting. Identify and compare the belief system you
have with the ones in the text to determine similarities and differences in
ideals of the Filipinos today and those in the past.
Synthesizing. Using ideas from the different lines of the credo, characterize
the Filipino ideas during the times of Emilio Jacinto. Develop judgment or
opinion about the author’s message.
Reading a credo
Prepare to read the text
Background
The kartilya ng Katipunan or the Primer of the Kaipunan laid out the group’s
rule and principles. It served as the manual for the new members of the
organization. Andres Bonifacio wrote the first edition and Emilio Jacinto later
revised it.

Lead up question
 What is your understanding of the expression “sense of history”?
 Do you agree that many students nowadays find history as in irrelevant
subject?
 For what greater purpose do you live?
 In what do you have faith?
 What do you ultimately value?
 The Katipunan Code of Conduct
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (English version)- by Emilio Jacinto
[translation by Gregorio Nieva, 1918]

1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a
shade, if not a poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow creature, and to adjust one’s
conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge,
wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the
guide leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion
who will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase
thy interest in her and she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared
thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do
not unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his
color white, not because he is *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high
prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven
and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who does
not oppress nor consent to bring oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his father
and, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of liberty shall
rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse
everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those
who have gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid suffering will remain. If he who
desires to enter ( the Katipunan ) has informed himself of all this and believes he
will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for
admission.
 Vocabulary preview

Aquiline A nose that is hooked or curve like a break of an eagle

Brethren Colleagues or members
Confederated Joined together by an agreement or treaty
Consecrated Make or declare something sacred or revered
Core beliefs Genuine beliefs about life, or principles by which a person lives.
Diffuse Spread or cause to spread over a wide area or among a large
number of people
Lofty Exhibiting pride and self-importance
Precipice Edge or cliff
Prerogative A right or privilege exclusive to a particular individual or group
Prudent Able to make wise decisions
Scoundrel A dishonest or unprincipled person
Sparing moderate
Responding to the text
Comprehension questions
 What is a code of conduct? Support your answer based on details or evidences
found in the text in the text.
 What is the meaning of virtue as inferred in Principle Number 2?
 What does the author mean when he said that “wealth can be recovered but not
time lost?”
 What kind of a person should a member of the Katipunan be as implied in Rule
Number 13?
 How should women be regarded according to the author?

Critical thinking questions

 Why do you think the author chose the principle that “The life that is not
consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed,” to be the first in the list?
 Which among the 14 principles made great impact to you? Explain your answer.
 Do you think that there is a need to establish a modern day Katipunan? Explain
your answer.
 If you were to create a group intended for a noble cause, what qualities would
you be looking for in recruiting your members?
 Is the need for sense of history among the Filipino people an urgent one? Expain
your answer.
Writing your own credo CANETE
Prepare to write
Generating ideas for writing
On your own, think about exactly what you believe in and think of how often
you check yourself to reaffirm what is you believe. Write down what comes to
mind without worrying about grammar or punctuation errors.

Consider the following question

 Do you believe that you have the right to create your own life?
 Do you believe you can learn new things if you commit yourself to a regular
practice?
 Do you think you have the potential to create opportunities for yourself?
 Do you trust in your ability to help others create their own life?
 Do you have the control over your reactions to people and outer events?
 Do you think you have the ability to forge significant relationships?
Organizing a credo or code of conduct
The simplest way to begin writing a credo is by completing the following:

“I believe . . . “ or “I am committed to. . . “

Examples:
 I believe I create my own life because. . .
 I have control over my reactions to people and external events. . .
 I can learn new things if I commit myself to a regular practice.
 I have the potential to create opportunities for myself.
 Additional tips:
 Make your credo short and to the point.
 Keep it simple. You don’t need to go into a lot of detail.
 Take some time to reflect what you truly believe and why.
 Try thinking with your heart and your instinct. Then write down what you
know you believe in.
Writing a first draft
Draft a written statement that strongly expresses what you stand for. You may
use straightforward language or you may choose to be poetic. Your credo
statement may simply be list of what you believe and value. It should be written
in a way that is significant to you.
Editing
Editing for voice, word choice, and sentence fluency
Focus on voice Is the use of point of view consistent
through out the essay?
Does the writer pay attention to style?
Is the voice appealing and convincing ?
Does the voice sound concerned but
sensible?
Word choice Does the writer use effective words?
Are the words used appropriate for the
type of text?
Has the used active verbs, specific nouns,
and strong adjectives?
Sentence fluency Do the sentences read smoothly, with
different beginnings and lengths?
Revising
Revising for voice, word choice, and sentence fluency
After your peers have edited your paper, go over the suggested corrections and
think of alternative ways to revise your work. To help you improve your work,
try to visualize once more what you really believe in life and how you actually
live by the principles you have set. You may ask yourself the following
questions:
 What do you believe is the purpose of life?
 What helps you experience a sense of purpose and meaning?
 What are some basic beliefs, positive or negative, that you embrace about
human nature?
 What qualities do you most appreciate in the following people?
* Your parents
* Friends you most admire.
* The public figure or role model you most admire.
* The historical figure you most admire.
* The religions leader you most admire.
Publishing Online
 Find an artist and ask him/her to draw a picture based on what
he/she sees in your credo.
 Incorporate your credo into the drawing.
 Convert your work into portable document format (pdf) or
epub and post it as part of your profile in a social networking
site.

Acquiring 21st century skills- social and cross-

culture skills

The partnership for 21st century skills considers social and cross-
culture skills as important skills to be mastered. They are
characterized by making use of social and cross-culture
differences to become more productive.
 AND I THANK YOU!!!

REPORTERS:
 Nino Franco
 Jeramae Villegas
 Danna Hermisa
 Jumede Tubo
 Jerry Canete