Disadvantages of Array

Arrays can be used to store linear data of similar types, but arrays
have following limitations.
1) The size of the arrays is fixed: So we must know the upper limit
on the number of elements in advance. Also, generally, the
allocated memory is equal to the upper limit irrespective of the
usage.
2) Inserting a new element in an array of elements is expensive,
because room has to be created for the new elements and to create
room existing elements have to shifted.
 Introduction
• A linked list is a linear collection of data elements called nodes in
which linear representation is given by links from one node to the
next node.

• Linked list is a data structure which in turn can be used to

implement other data structures. Thus, it acts as building block to
implement data structures like stacks, queues and their variations.

• A linked list can be perceived as a train or a sequence of nodes in

which each node contains one or more data fields and a pointer to
the next node.
List of advantages :
1. Linked List is Dynamic data Structure .
2. Linked List can grow and shrink during run time.
3. Insertion and Deletion Operations are Easier
4. Efficient Memory Utilization ,i.e no need to pre-allocate
memory
5. Linear Data Structures such as Stack,Queue can be
easily implemeted using Linked list.
List of Disadvantages :
1. Wastage of Memory
2. No random access
3. Time consuming
4. Reverse traversing is difficult.

Types of Linked List

1.Simple/Single linked list

2.Doubly linked list
3.Circular linked list
4.Doubly circular linked list.
 Simple Linked List
START

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X

• In the above linked list, every node contains two parts - one
integer and the other a pointer to the next node.
• The left part of the node which contains data may include a simple
data type, an array or a structure.
• The right part of the node contains a pointer to the next node (or
address of the next node in sequence).
• The last node will have no next node connected to it, so it will
store a special value called NULL.
 Traversing Linked Lists
• We can traverse the entire linked list using a single pointer
variable called START.
• The START node contains the address of the first node; the next
part of the first node in turn stores the address of its succeeding
node.
• Using this technique the individual nodes of the list will form a
chain of nodes.
• If START = NULL, this means that the linked list is empty and
contains no nodes.
• In C, we can implement a linked list using the following code:
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *next;
};
 START Pointer
START
NEXT
1 DATA
1
H 4
2
START pointing to
the first element of 3

the linked list in 4 E 7

memory 5

AVAIL 6

9 7 L 8
L 10
8
9
10 O -1
 Singly Linked Lists
• A singly linked list is the simplest type of linked list in which
every node contains some data and a pointer to the next node
of the same data type.

START

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X

ALGORITHM FOR TRAVERSING A LINKED LIST

Step 1: [INITIALIZE] SET PTR = START

Step 2: Repeat Steps 3 and 4 while PTR != NULL
Step 3: Apply Process to PTR->DATA
Step 4: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 5: EXIT
 Searching a Linked List

ALGORITHM TO SEARCH A LINKED LIST

Step 1: [INITIALIZE] SET PTR = START

Step 2: Repeat Step 3 while PTR != NULL
Step 3: IF VAL = PTR->DATA
SET POS = PTR
Go To Step 5
ELSE
SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF IF]
[END OF LOOP]
Step 4: SET POS = NULL
Step 5: EXIT
Searching for Val 4 in Linked List

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

PTR
Inserting a Node at the Beginning
1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

START

9 1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

START

ALGORITHM TO INSERT A NEW NODE IN THE BEGINNING OF THE LINKED LIST

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 7
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET New_Node->Next = START
Step 6: SET START = New_Node
Step 7: EXIT
 Inserting a Node at the End
1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

START, PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 9 X

START

ALGORITHM TO INSERT A NEW NODE AT THE END OF THE LINKED LIST

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 10
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET New_Node->Next = NULL
Step 6: SET PTR = START
Step 7: Repeat Step 8 while PTR->NEXT != NULL
Step 8: SET PTR = PTR ->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 9: SET PTR->NEXT = New_Node
Step 10: EXIT
Inserting a Node after Node that ahs
Value NUM

ALGORITHM TO INSERT A NEW NODE AFTER A NODE THAT HAS VALUE NUM

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 12
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET PTR = START
Step 6: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 7: Repeat Steps 8 and 9 while PREPTR->DATA != NUM
Step 8: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 9: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 10: PREPTR->NEXT = New_Node
Step 11: SET New_Node->NEXT = PTR
Step 12: EXIT
 Deleting the First Node
Algorithm to delete the first node from the linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 5
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: SET START = START->NEXT
Step 4: FREE PTR
Step 5: EXIT

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

START

7 3 4 2 6 5 X

START
 Deleting the Last Node
ALGORITHM TO DELETE THE LAST NODE OF THE LINKED LIST

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 8
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: Repeat Steps 4 and 5 while PTR->NEXT != NULL
Step 4: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 5: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 6: SET PREPTR->NEXT = NULL
Step 7: FREE PTR
Step 8: EXIT

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

START, PREPTR, PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 X 5 X

PREPTR PTR
START
Deleting the Node After a Given Node

ALGORITHM TO DELETE THE NODE AFTER A GIVEN NODE FROM THE LINKED LIST

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 10
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 4: Repeat Step 5 and 6 while PRETR->DATA != NUM
Step 5: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 6: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step7: SET TEMP = PTR->NEXT
Step 8: SET PREPTR->NEXT = TEMP->NEXT
Step 9: FREE TEMP
Step 10: EXIT
 Singly Linked List
1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

START, PREPTR, PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

START PREPTR PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 X

START

1 7 3 4 6 5 X
 Circular Linked List
• In a circular linked list, the last node contains a pointer to the first
node of the list. We can have a circular singly listed list as well as
circular doubly linked list. While traversing a circular linked list,
we can begin at any node and traverse the list in any direction
forward or backward until we reach the same node where we had
started. Thus, a circular linked list has no beginning and no
ending.

START

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 Circular Linked List

Algorithm to insert a new node in the beginning of circular the linked list

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 7
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET PTR = START
Step 6: Repeat Step 7 while PTR->NEXT != START
Step 7: PTR = PTR->NEXT
Step 8: SET New_Node->Next = START
Step 8: SET PTR->NEXT = New_Node
Step 6: SET START = New_Node
Step 7: EXIT
 Circular Linked List

1 7 3 4 2 6 5

START, PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5

PTR
START

9 1 7 3 4 2 6 5

START
 Circular Linked List

Algorithm to insert a new node at the end of the circular linked list

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 7
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET New_Node->Next = START
Step 6: SET PTR = START
Step 7: Repeat Step 8 while PTR->NEXT != START
Step 8: SET PTR = PTR ->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 9: SET PTR ->NEXT = New_Node
Step 10: EXIT
 Circular Linked List

1 7 3 4 2 6 5

START, PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5 9

START PTR
 Circular Linked List

Algorithm to insert a new node after a node that has value NUM

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 12
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET PTR = START
Step 6: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 7: Repeat Step 8 and 9 while PTR->DATA != NUM
Step 8: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 9: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 10: PREPTR->NEXT = New_Node
Step 11: SET New_Node->NEXT = PTR
Step 12: EXIT
 Circular Linked List

Algorithm to delete the first node from the circular linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 8
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: Repeat Step 4 while PTR->NEXT != START
Step 4: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF IF]
Step 5: SET PTR->NEXT = START->NEXT
Step 6: FREE START
Step 7: SET START = PTR->NEXT
Step 8: EXIT
 Circular Linked List

1 7 3 4 2 6 5
START, PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5

PTR
START

7 3 4 2 6 5

START
 Circular Linked List

Algorithm to delete the last node of the circular linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 8
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: Repeat Step 4 while PTR->NEXT != START
Step 4: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 5: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 6: SET PREPTR->NEXT = START
Step 7: FREE PTR
Step 8: EXIT
 Circular Linked List

1 7 3 4 2 6 5

START, PREPTR, PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5
PREPTR
PTR
START

1 7 3 4 2 6

START
 Circular Linked List

Algorithm to delete the node after a given node from the circular linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 9
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 4: Repeat Step 5 and 6 while PREPTR->DATA != NUM
Step 5: SET PREPTR = PTR
Step 6: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 7: SET PREPTR->NEXT = PTR->NEXT
Step 8: FREE PTR
Step 9: EXIT
 Circular Linked List

1 7 3 4 2 6 5

START, PREPTR, PTR

1 7 3 4 2 6 5

START PREPTR PTR

1 7 3 4 6 5

START
 Doubly Linked List
 A doubly linked list or a two way linked list is a more complex
type of linked list which contains a pointer to the next as well
as previous node in the sequence. Therefore, it consists of
three parts and not just two. The three parts are data, a
pointer to the next node and a pointer to the previous node

START

X 1 1 2 3 4 X
 Doubly Linked List
• In C language, the structure of a doubly linked list is given as,
struct node
{ struct node *prev;
int data;
struct node *next;
};

• The prev field of the first node and the next field of the last
node will contain NULL. The prev field is used to store the
address of the preceding node. This would enable to traverse
the list in the backward direction as well.
 Doubly Linked List
Algorithm to insert a new node in the beginning of the doubly linked list

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 8
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET New_Node->PREV = NULL
Step 6: SET New_Node->Next = START
Step 7: SET START = New_Node
Step 8: EXIT

X 1 7 3 4 2 X

START

2 X
X 9 1 7 3 4

START
 Doubly Linked List
Algorithm to insert a new node at the end of the doubly linked list

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 11
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET New_Node->Next = NULL
Step 6: SET PTR = START
Step 7: Repeat Step 8 while PTR->NEXT != NULL
Step 8: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 9: SET PTR->NEXT = New_Node
Step 10: New_Node->PREV = PTR
Step 11: EXIT

X 1 7 3 4 2 X

START, PTR

X 1 7 3 4 2 9 X
PTR
 Doubly Linked List

Algorithm to insert a new node after a node that has value NUM

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 11
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET PTR = START
Step 6: Repeat Step 8 while PTR->DATA != NUM
Step 7: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 8: New_Node->NEXT = PTR->NEXT
Step 9: SET New_Node->PREV = PTR
Step 10: SET PTR->NEXT = New_Node
Step 11: EXIT
 Doubly Linked List

X 1 7 3 4 2 X

START, PTR

X 1 7 3 4 2 X

START PTR

X 1 7 3 9 4 2 X

START
 Doubly Linked List
Algorithm to delete the first node from the doubly linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 6
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: SET START = START->NEXT
Step 4: SET START->PREV = NULL
Step 5: FREE PTR
Step 6: EXIT

X 1 7 3 4 2 X

START, PTR

7 3 4 2 X
 Doubly Linked List
Algorithm to delete the last node of the doubly linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 7
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: Repeat Step 4 and 5 while PTR->NEXT != NULL
Step 4: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 5: SET PTR->PREV->NEXT = NULL
Step 6: FREE PTR
Step 7: EXIT

X 1 3 5 7 8 9 X
1
START, PTR

X 1 3 5 7 8 9 X
1
START PTR

X 1 3 5 7 8 X

START
 Doubly Linked List

Algorithm to delete the node after a given node from the doubly linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 9
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: Repeat Step 4 while PTR->DATA != NUM
Step 4: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 5: SET TEMP = PTR->NEXT
Step 6: SET PTR->NEXT = TEMP->NEXT
Step 7: SET TEMP->NEXT->PREV = PTR
Step 8: FREE TEMP
Step 9: EXIT
 Doubly Linked List

X 1 3 4 7 8 9 X
1
START, PTR

X 1 3 4 7 8 9 X
1
START
PTR

X 1 3 4 8 9 X

START
 Circular Doubly Linked List
• A circular doubly linked list or a circular two way linked list is a
more complex type of linked list which contains a pointer to
the next as well as previous node in the sequence.

• The difference between a doubly linked and a circular doubly

linked list is same as that exists between a singly linked list
and a circular linked list. The circular doubly linked list does
not contain NULL in the previous field of the first node and
the next field of the last node. Rather, the next field of the last
node stores the address of the first node of the list, i.e; START.
Similarly, the previous field of the first field stores the address
of the last node.
 Circular Doubly Linked List
• Since a circular doubly linked list contains three parts in its
structure, it calls for more space per node and for more
expensive basic operations. However, it provides the ease to
manipulate the elements of the list as it maintains pointers to
nodes in both the directions . The main advantage of using a
circular doubly linked list is that it makes searches twice as
efficient.

START

1 1 2 3 4
Circular Doubly Linked List

Algorithm to insert a new node in the beginning of the circular doubly

linked list

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 12
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 6: SET START->PREV->NEXT = new_node;
Step 7: SET New_Node->PREV = START->PREV;
Step 8: SET START->PREV= new_Node;
Step 9: SET new_node->next = START;
Step 10: SET START = New_Node
Step 11: EXIT
Circular Doubly Linked List

1 7 3 4 2

START

9 1 7 3 4 2

START
Circular Doubly Linked List
Algorithm to insert a new node at the end of the circular doubly linked
list

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 11
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET New_Node->Next = START
Step 6: SET New_Node->PREV = START->PREV
Step 7: EXIT

1 7 3 4 2
START

1 7 3 4 2 9

START
Circular Doubly Linked List

Algorithm to insert a new node after a node that has value NUM

Step 1: IF AVAIL = NULL, then

Write OVERFLOW
Go to Step 11
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET New_Node = AVAIL
Step 3: SET AVAIL = AVAIL->NEXT
Step 4: SET New_Node->DATA = VAL
Step 5: SET PTR = START
Step 6: Repeat Step 8 while PTR->DATA != NUM
Step 7: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 8: New_Node->NEXT = PTR->NEXT
Step 9: SET PTR->NEXT->PREV = New_Node
Step 9: SET New_Node->PREV = PTR
Step 10: SET PTR->NEXT = New_Node
Step 11: EXIT
 Circular Doubly Linked List

1 7 3 4 2
START, PTR

1 7 3 4 2

PTR

START 9
1 7 3 9 4 2

START
Circular Doubly Linked List

Algorithm to delete the first node from the circular doubly linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 8
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: SET PTR->PREV=>NEXT= PTR->NEXT
Step 4: SET PTR->NEXT->PREV = PTR->PREV
Step 5: SET START = START->NEXT
Step 6: FREE PTR
Step 7: EXIT

1 3 5 7 8 9
1
START, PTR

3 5 7 8 9
1
START
 Circular Doubly Linked List
Algorithm to delete the last node of the circular doubly linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 8
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START->PREV
Step 5: SET PTR->PREV->NEXT = START
Step 6: SET START->PREV = PTR->PREV
Step 7: FREE PTR
Step 8: EXIT

1 3 5 7 8 9
1
START PTR

X 1 3 5 7 8

START
 Circular Doubly Linked List

Algorithm to delete the node after a given node from the circular doubly
linked list

Step 1: IF START = NULL, then

Write UNDERFLOW
Go to Step 9
[END OF IF]
Step 2: SET PTR = START
Step 3: Repeat Step 4 while PTR->DATA != NUM
Step 4: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 5: SET TEMP = PTR->NEXT
Step 6: SET PTR->NEXT = TEMP->NEXT
Step 7: SET TEMP->NEXT->PREV = PTR
Step 8: FREE TEMP
Step 9: EXIT
Circular Doubly Linked List

1 3 5 7 8 9
1
START

1 3 5 7 8 9
1
START PTR

1 3 4 8 9
START
 Header Linked List
 A header linked list is a special type of linked list which
contains a header node at the beginning of the list. So, in a
header linked list START will not point to the first node of the
list but START will contain the address of the header node.
There are basically two variants of a header linked list-

 Grounded header linked list which stores NULL in the next

field of the last node

 Circular header linked list which stores the address of the

header node in the next field of the last node. Here, the
header node will denote the end of the list.
 Header Linked List

Header Node

1 2 3 4 5 6 X

START

Header Node
1 2 3 4 5 6

START
 Header Linked List

Algorithm to traverse a Circular Header Linked List

Step 1: SET PTR = START->NEXT

Step 2: Repeat Steps 3 and 4 while PTR != START
Step 3: Apply PROCESS to PTR->DATA
Step 4: SET PTR = PTR->NEXT
[END OF LOOP]
Step 5: EXIT