Oral Communication in Context

Mary Sheildred D. Angeles

 Overview

• Types of Speech Context

• Types of Speech Style
• Types of Speech Act
• Types of Speeches
 Types of Speech Context

1. Intrapersonal

2. Interpersonal

3. Public
Intrapersonal
• Intrapersonal communication involves
one person; it is often called “self-talk”

• Intrapersonal communication explains

how, as we use language to reflect on our
own experiences, we talk ourselves
through situations
Intrapersonal
• For example, the voice within you that tells you,
“Keep on Going! I can DO IT!” when you are
putting your all into completing a five-mile race;
or that says, “This report I’ve written is pretty
good”

• Your intrapersonal communication can be

positive or negative, and directly influences how
you perceive and react to situations and
communication with others
Intrapersonal
• What you perceive in communication with
others is also influenced by your culture,
native language, and your world view

• For example, you may have certain

expectations of time and punctuality
Intrapersonal
• When your supervisor invites you to a
meeting and says it will start at 7 p.m.,
does that mean 7:00 sharp, 7-ish, or even
7:30?

• In the business context, when a meeting is

supposed to start at 9 a.m., is it promptly a
9 a.m.?
Intrapersonal
• Variations in time expectations depend on
regional and national culture as well as
individual corporate cultures
Interpersonal

• Interpersonal communication normally

involves two people, and can range from
intimate and very personal to formal and
impersonal
Interpersonal
• You may carry on a conversation with a loved
one, sharing a serious concern

• Later, at work, you may have a brief

conversation about plans for the weekend with
the security guard on your way home.

• Both scenarios involve interpersonal

communication, but are different in levels of
intimacy.
Interpersonal
• The first example implies a trusting
relationship established over time between
two caring individuals

• The second example level implies some

previous familiarity, and is really more
about acknowledging each other than any
actual exchange of information, much like
saying hello or goodbye
Public

• In public communication, one person

speaks to a group of people; the same is
true of public written communication,
where one person writes a message to be
read by a small or large group
Public
• The speaker or writer may ask questions, and
engage the audience in a discussion (in writing,
examples are an email discussion or a point-
counter-point series of letters to the editor), but
the dynamics of the conversation are distinct
from group communication, where different rules
apply

• In a public speaking situation, the group

normally defers to the speaker
 Types of Speech Style
(Joos, 1976)

1. Intimate
2. Casual
3. Consultative
4. Formal
5. Frozen
Intimate Style
• Intimate style as an intimate utterance
avoids giving the addressee information
outside of the speaker’s skin

• Intimate style is completely private

language used within family and very
close friends
Intimate Style
• Normally, the intimate style is used in pair

• It excludes public information and shows a

very close relationship
Casual Style
• Casual style is used among friends and
co-workers when an informal atmosphere
is appropriated and desired such as
outside the classroom where students
have a chat
2 Devices of Casual Style
1. Ellipsis (Omission)

2. Slang
Ellipsis
• Ellipsis or omission usually shows the
differences between casual grammar and
consultative grammar
Ellipsis
• “I believe that I can find one”
(Consultative grammar)
• “Believe I can find one”
(Casual grammar)
• “Thank you”
(Consultative grammar)
• “Thanks”
(Casual grammar)
Ellipsis
• The unstressed word can be omitted
particularly at the beginning of the
sentence

• As the result, the sentence structure of

casual style becomes incomplete
Slang
• Slang is a prime indication of in group
relationship

• Slang is non-standard word which is

known and used by certain groups like
teenager groups, for example, in formal
language, young female called “girl”, while
in the slang language it is said as chick
Consultative Style
• Consultative style is a style used in semi-formal
communication

• The consultative is the central point in the

system because it is chiefly involved in speech
style

• It is one type of language, which is required from

every speaker
Consultative Style
• Consultative style shows our norm for
coming to term with strangers who speak
our language but whose personal stock of
information may be different

• Consultative style happens in two-way

participation
Consultative Style
• It is used in negotiating with the strangers or
work colleagues

• It is also used in small group discussion, regular

conversation at school, companies, trade
conversation and etc.

• The speaker has to deliver background

information about a topic, and it does not
presume to be understood without it
Formal Style

• Formal style is generally used in formal

situation, where there is the least amount
of shared background and the
communication in this style is largely one
way with little or no feedback from the
audience
Formal Style

• It may also use in speaking to single

hearer, for example, between strangers

• Formal style is designed to inform and the

background information is woven into text
in complex sentences
Formal Style
• The sentence structures are more
complex and varied than consultative

• That is why the speaker must ahead frame

whole sentences before they deliver

• Furthermore, the leading code-label of this

style is “may”
Frozen Style
• Frozen style is intended to be
remembered and used in very formal
setting such as in palace, church ritual,
speech for state ceremony, and some
other occasions

• This style involves very large group of

people whose members are known to one
another
Frozen Style
• However, this style is not only addressed to
strangers at that time but also to posterity as
well

• Nevertheless, the reader or the hearers are not

permitted giving question to the speakers.

• This usually uses long sentence with good

grammatical and vocabulary
Speech Act Theory
 Components of Speech Acts
(Hymes,1974)

1 Sender Speaker, writer

Message
2 Speech, writing, gestures
channel
3 Language form sequencing
4 Topic What the message is about

5 Receiver Hearer, reader

6 Context Place, time, situation
 Types of Speech Act

• Locution (Utterance)

• Illocution (Intention)

• Perlocution (Response)
 According to Austin (1962) speech
acts can be analyzed on three levels:

 1. Locutionary meaning: the basic literal

meaning of an utterance. The act of saying
something that makes sense or what is actually
said by a speaker.

 2. Illocutionary: the intended effect that an

utterance has on the reader or hearer. It is the
real, intended meaning.
 3. Perlocutionary: is the actual effect of the
utterance has on the addressee. What the
hearer does in response to the utterance
e.g. Locutionary
It is hot in here. Literally is a statement of fact.

• But the illocutionary force was the intention to get

someone to open the window

Perlocutionary
'It's hot in here' could result in someone opening the
windows

• what we say,
• what we mean when we say it, and
• what we accomplish by saying it
Types of Speech
 Types of Speech

• According to Purpose
1.Expository/Informative Speech
2.Persuasive Speech
3.Entertainment Speech
 Types of Speech

• According to Delivery
1.Manuscript
2.Memorized Speech
3.Impromptu Speech
4.Extemporaneous Speech
 Types of Speeches
According to Purpose
• Informative

• Persuasive

• Entertaining
 Informative speech

In an informative speech
you
• Explain something to
people
• Help people to
understand something
• Show them how to do
something
 Points to remember
• You have to remember that the whole purpose
of your speech is to teach the audience
something that they do not already know

• The audience need time to take in what you

have said

• If you speak too quickly your audience will be

trying to understand one sentence while you're
speaking the next sentence!
 Examples
• The speech given by the head of an
organization

• A computer programmer speaking about

new software

• A travelogue about the tour

• A teacher telling students about something

 Persuasive speech

The persuasive speech is

• To sell an audience on
an idea
• To promote a specific
product
• To convince someone
to take action
• To make the audience
to think, act and believe
in what you want them
to
 Points to remember
• Make use of graphs and supporting documentation

• Present some facts and figures but make sure that

they're accurate and that they support your point of view

• Tell your audience how to solve similar problems they

encounter

• Try to make it personal to your listeners, if it is going to

effect their family, home or job they will start to take
notice
 Examples
• Improve your health through better eating

• Persuade about the negative influence of

television violence on our children

• Become a volunteer and change the world

 Entertaining speech
Entertaining speeches
• Are usually short
• Give the audience an
enjoyable experience
• Leave the audience
with a favorable
impression not only of
himself or herself, but
also of the organization
• Amuse the audience
through humors, stories
or illustrations
Purpose of entertaining speech
• Crowd pleaser

• Get promotion

• Hold attention
 Points to remember
• The speech still must make a valid point or
argument, but it can be done using humor

• A speech to entertain may be either

informative or persuasive in nature, but the
supporting materials are selected primarily
based on their entertainment value
 Examples
• After dinner speech

• Comic monologues
Types of Speech According to Delivery
• Manuscript

• Memorized

• Impromptu

• Extemporaneous
Manuscript Speech
• The speech is written out and read from
the text
Manuscript Speech
Advantage:
• Appropriate when extremely careful wording
is required

Disadvantages:
• Lacks freshness and spontaneity
• Difficult to react to audience feedback
• Speech may sound stilted because of the use
of more formal written language
Memorized Speech
• The speech is written out word for word
and committed to memory
Memorized Speech
Advantage:
• Permits maximum use of delivery skills

Disadvantages:
• Permits little or no adaptation during delivery
• Recovery is difficult if you make a mistake
• Speech may sound memorized
• Time consuming to prepare
Impromptu Speech
• This is the speech given off the cuff, that
is, with no preparation
Impromptu Speech
• Impromptu Speeches: little or no
preparation
• 4 steps to organize your thoughts quickly
– State the point/question you are responding
– State the point you want to make
– Use whatever support you have (statistics/
examples/ testimony)
– Summarize your point
Impromptu Speech
Advantages:
• Spontaneity
• No preparation required
Disadvantages:
• Result is often rambling and incoherent
• There may not be enough time available
for adequate research or audience
analysis
Suggestions for impromptus
• Quickly jot down an outline
• Try to remain calm
• Making strong eye contact with the
audience
• Concentrate on speaking on a clear,
deliberate pace
• Use signposts (“first”, “second”,
“then”,”next”,”finally”)
Extemporaneous Speech

• An extemporaneous speech is a speech

given from notes

• It represents a middle course between the

memorized speech and the impromptu
speech
Extemporaneous Speech

Advantages:
• Nearly as polished as a memorized
speech, but more vigorous, flexible and
spontaneous
• Generous eye contact and immediate
adaptation to the audience are permitted
• Takes less time to prepare than a
memorized speech
Extemporaneous Speech

Disadvantage:
• Using this method of presentation requires
practice
 9 steps in Delivering a Speech
• Determine general purpose : inform/ persuade/entertain
– Content
– Organization
– Delivery of messages
• Analyze the audience
• Determine specific purpose
• Research the presentation
• Organize and outline the presentation
• Prepare visual aids
• Rehearse
• Deliver
• Self assess
Planned speech/presentation

Making a speech is like

making a hamburger
•Top of bun = appetizing introduction
•Each layer of the bun = tasty aspect of your topic
•Bottom of the bun = conclusion - holding the burger together
 Oral communication : speech outline
• Introduction
– Attention getting statement : a question/anecdote/story, etc.
– Thesis statement : specific purpose of speech/presentation
– Preview statement : overview of all main points
• Body
– First main point:
• A subpoint : 1 sub-subpoint ; 2 sub-subpoint
• B subpoint : 1 sub-subpoint ; 2 sub-subpoint
– Second main point
• A subpoint :1 sub-subpoint ; 2 sub-subpoint
• B subpoint 1 sub-subpoint ; 2 sub-subpoint
• Conclusion
– Summary statements – review all the main points
– Concluding statement – a closing statement that ends your
presentation smoothly
Tips to manage oral presentation
apprehension
• Prepare thoroughly
• Speak about a familiar topic
• Realize that you are not alone
• Focus on getting the message across
• Use positive visualization
• Practice relaxation techniques
• Use visual aids
• Practice
 Speech Assessment Sheet

Big Plus:
___________________
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Improvement Needed:
___________________
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GXEX1406 Thinking and 76
Communication Skills –
 The Do’s
• Gestures & movement
– Moderate amount of movement
• Vocal variety
– Tone, rate, pitch, volume, pronunciation,
articulation, appropriate use of pauses
• Eye contact & facial expression
– Make speaker more believable, trustworthy
– To gauge audience feedback
– Convey speaker’s feelings, attitudes,
emotions
References
An introduction to group communication. (2012). Retrieved from
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-to-
group-communication/s03-03-communication-in-context.html

Fatima, M. (2011, May 27). Types of speeches. Retrieved from

http://www.slideshare.net/monibafatima/types-of-speeches

Modes of delivery. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.speakersadvantage.ca/Resources/Modes%20of%2
0Delivery.php

Oral communication: Thinking and communication skills. (n.d.).

Retrieved from
web.fsktm.um.edu.my/~fidah/info/Week2%20Oral%20Comm.ppt
References
Telg, R. (2014, November). Speech writing and types of speech.
Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/WC/WC11600.pdf

Sulistiyawati, E. (2014). Literature review. (2012). Retrieved from

http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/1807/5/Bab%202.pdf

Toney, B. A. (2011, January 30). Four basic speech types: Do you want
to persuade, inform, inspire or entertain? Retrieved from
http://ezinearticles.com/?Four-Basic-Speech-Types:-Do-You-
Want-to-Persuade,-Inform,-Inspire-or-Entertain?&id=5823240

Wood, J. (1997).Communication in our lives. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.

References
Vocate, D. (Ed.). (1994).Intrapersonal communication: Different voices,
different minds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Yasin, B. H. (2014, November 15). Communicative competence.

Retrieved from
http://www.slideshare.net/BilalYaseen1/communicative-
competence-final-ppt