How do organisms reproduce?

WHAT IS REPRODUCTION ?

 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
a) Fission  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
b) Fragmentation
a) Reproduction in Flowering Plants
c) Regeneration
b) Reproduction in Human Beings
d) Vegetative Propagation
e) Spore Formation
 Also known as “Blue Print” and “Master Copy”
 Present in chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
 Contains information for inheritance of features
 Information source for making proteins

DNA DUPLICATION AND REPLICATION

 First reaction takes place and DNA gets duplicated
 DNAs separate from each other and make 2 different cells
 DNA copies generated will be similar, but may not be identical to the original
IMPORTANCE OF VARIATION

Variation is important for

the survival of species as
it allows some individuals
to withstand and changes
in the environment or
niches
DNA Copying means the production of an exact copy of
the original . But the process of copying DNA will have
some variation each time which leads to the stability of
the population and formation of new species .
Reproduction is the process by which organisms generate
new individuals of the same kind.

Reproduction is classified into 2 types;

REPRODUCTION

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

1.ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 It is the process of formation of new individual
from any specialized or unspecialized part of
a single parent without fertilization.
 Asexual Reproduction is classified into 6 groups,
they are;
a) Fission
b) Fragmentation
c) Regeneration
d) Budding
e) Vegetative Propagation
f) Spore formation
It is the type of asexual reproduction in which the parent cell splits
into two or more daughter cells. The division can take place in any
plane.

BINARY FISSION IN AMOEBA

MULTIPLE FISSION IN PLASMODIUM

 It is the type of asexual reproduction in which the parent cell is
simply breaks up into smaller pieces upon maturation.

Fragmentation in Spirogyra
It is the type of asexual reproduction in which the parent cell
cut or brake up into several pieces, and each piece will
develop into a new individual.

Regeneration in Planaria
It is the type of reproduction in which a bud develops as an
outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site and
the bud will develop to a new individual, when fully mature and
detach from the parent body.

Budding in Hydra
It is the type of asexual reproduction in which the plant parts
like the root, stem and leaves develop into new plants.

Bryophyllum
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION(CHRYSANTHEMUM)
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION (PISTIA)
VEGETATIVEV PROPAGATION (POTATO)
 It is the type of asexual reproduction in which the spores in the
sporangium will come out, when matured and each spore will develop
into new individuals.

Spore Formation in Rhizopus

 2.SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 It is the mode of multiplication in which
young ones are formed due to the process
of gamete formation.
)
POLLINATION

 SELF POLLINATION  CROSS POLLINATION

Transfer of pollen grains Transfer of pollen grains
from anther to the from anther to the
stigma of the same stigma of another
flower flower of the same
plant or different
plant of the same
species
 In plants pollination is followed by fertilisation
 The pollen grains deposited on the stigma germinated to
form a pollen tube
 Simultaneously the nucleus present in the pollen grain
divides in to two male gametes
 The pollen g[tube bearing two male gametes penetrate
through the style reaches the ovary and enter in to the
embryo sac through the micropyle
DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
 One of the male gamete fuses with the egg (ovum) to form a
diploid zygote .this process of fertilization is called zyngamy
 Another male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid
PEN (primary endosperm nucleus) .This ferilisation is called triple
fusion
 As two fertilisation takes place simultaneously in the embryo sac
,this process is called double fertilisation.
 After fertilisation ,the zygote changes in to embryo and the PEN
changes in to endosperm
 The endosperm provides nutrition to the developing embryo
 After fertilisation , the sepals and petals fall off and the ovary
changes in to fruit and the ovules changes in to seeds
 Male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes .the
testes lie in a muscular bag called scrotum which lie outside
the abdominal cavity .There is tubular structure arise from
each testis and is called vas deferens. It unites with a duct
arising from the urinary bladder and form a common tube
called urethra. The urethra is enclosed within a muscular
organ called penis

 Scrotum lie outside the abdominal cavity between two legs

because the production of sperm requires a lower
temperature (2—2.5 C less ) than the normal body
temperature

 Functions of testes 1. production of sperms

2. secretion of male hormone testosterone
• Male Reproductive System
Female reproductive system consists of a pair of
ovaries which are located in the abdominal cavity near
kidneys each ovary contains a large number of follicles
which on maturation at puberty becomes eggs
Near the posterior end of each kidney there is a funnel
shaped structure called fallopian tube or oviduct . The
fallopian tube opens in to the uterus .the uterus opens
in to vagina through cervix
Functions of ovary 1. production of egg or ovum
2. secretion of female hormone
estrogen
• Female Reproductive System
.Seminal vesicle secretes an alkaline viscous liquid semen
which provides nutrients to the sperm
.Prostrate gland secretes a milky fluid which makes the sperms
to transport faster
Cowper’s gland secrets a fluid which acts as a lubricant
Placenta is special disc shaped tissue found
on the inner wall of the uterus . The embryo gets nutrients
and oxygen from the mothers blood with the help of
placenta through umbilical cord
it also transport waste materials and carbon dioxide from
the foetus to the mothers blood
The inner lining of the uterine wall slowly breaks
and comes out through the vagina as blood and
mucous known as menstruation
It occurs every month and lasts for 2 to 5 days
1.Natural method
2.Barrier method
3.Chemical method
4.Surgical method
Natural methods –abstinence and withdrawal
Abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle
Withdrawal of the penis from vagina before ejaculation
Barrier method – in this method , physical devices such as condom ,
diaphragms, cervical ca[ps etc are used which prevents the entry of
sperm in to the female genital tract during mating
IUCD s such as loop and copper T are safely placed safely inside the
uterus which prevent fertilization and implantation . the copper ions
suppresses the mobility and fertilizing capacity of the sperms
Chemical methods –use of oral or vaginal pills or chemicals that
change the hormonal balance of the body so they prevent the
ovulation and fertilization –
surgical methods – in this method a small portion of the vas
deferens in males and fallopian tubes in females are surgically
legated or tied .it is called vasectomy in males and tubectomy in
females ‘It is an ideal method of contraception
1.HIV—Human Immunodeficiency Virus
2.AIDS---Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
3.IUCD---Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device
4.OC---Oral Contraceptive
5.STD---Sexually Transmitted Diseases
6.STI---Sexually Transmitted Infections
7.RTI---Reproductive Tract Infections
8.ARSH---Adolescence Reproductive and Sexual Health