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Key Concepts

The document describes the key stages in a simulation study: problem formulation, objectives and general plan, model conceptualization, data collection, model translation, verification and validation, experimental design, runs and analysis, documentation and reports, and implementation. It provides brief explanations of the activities involved in each stage.

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Diana Bracamonte Dyck
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34 views23 pages

Key Concepts

The document describes the key stages in a simulation study: problem formulation, objectives and general plan, model conceptualization, data collection, model translation, verification and validation, experimental design, runs and analysis, documentation and reports, and implementation. It provides brief explanations of the activities involved in each stage.

Uploaded by

Diana Bracamonte Dyck
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIMULATION

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
IDENTIFICATION OF CONCEPTS

SISTEMA ENTIDADES LOCACIONES ATRIBUTOS


BANCO CLIENTES CAJAS ESTADO DE CUENTA
TARJETAHABIENTES SALA DE ESPERA

FERROCARRIL VIAJEROS VAGONES ORIGEN


CARGAMENTO ESTACIONES DESTINO

ACTIVIDADES RECURSOS EVENTOS VARIABLES


DEPOSITAR CAJEROS (AS) LLEGADAS NÚMERO DE CAJEROS OCUPADOS
CAMBIO DE DIVISAS EJECUTIVOS (AS) SALIDAS NÚMERO DE CLIENTES EN ESPERA
RETIROS TIEMPO SERVICIO
VIAJAR BOLETERO PARTIDA VIAJEROS ESPERANDO EN ESTACIÓN
TRANSPORTAR CARGA LLEGADA A ESTACIONES
LLEGADA DESTINO FINAL
IDENTIFY THE CONCEPTS

MANUFACTURING OF COMPUTERS
FREIGHT SERVICE COMPANY
SIMULATION TABLE

Consider the case of a bank with one server where customers arrive to b
e served between 1 to 10 min, each arrival is equally probable. Service
time goes from 1 o 6 min, with the same probability of occurance. You are
to simulate the bank process until the 10th client leaves the place. You will
also calculate some of the performance measurements. Build the follo-
wing table:
SIMULATION TABLE

CLIENTE T. ENTRE LLEGADAS TIEMPO LLEGADA T. SERVICIO SERVICIO INICIA SERVICIO TERMINA TIEMPO EN SISTEMA TIEMPO DE OCIO TIEMPO EN COLA
1- 2
2 5 2
3 1 6
4 10 5
5 6 6
6 2 4
7 9 3
8 1 4
9 10 1
10 3 3

CALCULATE:
AVG time in system, idle time percentage, AVG waiting time per customer, perc
entage of queueing time.
SIMULATION TABLE EX. 2

The arrival time between metallic rods to a cutting machine that manufactur
es torches goes from 1-10 min with equal probability of occurance. On th
e other hand, the machining time can consume from 0.5-9 min. Build a si
mulation table considering the first 10 manufactured pieces.

CALCULATE:
AVG time in system, idle time percentage, AVG waiting time per customer, perc
entage of queueing time.
SIMULATION TABLE EX. 2

TUBO
RODT. ENTRE
TIMELLEGADAS T. MAQUINADO
BTW ARRIVALS MACHINING TIME
1 0 1.99
2 3.87 5.56
3 3.44 6.76 TIME 15 MIN
4 1.93 7.52
5 3.54 4.02
6 10 2.51
7 9.75 8.99
8 9.21 7.83
9 5.63 6.03
10 6.92 2.92
MODELING

A model is an abstracted representation of a real system.

Simulation of systems considers the building of models. The


objective is to find out what would happen in the system if such
supositions took place.

For simplication purposes, all unnecessary details must be eliminated


in order to avoid further complications.
TYPES OF MODELS

DYNAMIC: Used to represent systems whose state varies with time . The ev
olu- tion of a population.

STATIC: Used to represent systems whose state is invariable over time . E


= mc²

MATHEMATICAL: They represent reality in abstract form in very different w


ays . Kepler's law .

PHYSICAL: Are those in which reality is represented by something tangible,


built in scale or at least behaves in a manner analogous to that reality ( m
odels, prototypes, etc.)
TYPES OF MODELS

CONTINUOUS: They represent systems whose state changes are gradual . The in
tervening variables are continuous. Ohm‘s law.

DISCRETE: They represent systems whose state changes. The variables vary dis
con-tinuously . Operating model of a motor.

DETERMINISTIC: Models which solution for certain conditions is unique and alwa
ys the same . Astronomical Calculations.

STOCHASTIC: They represent systems where the events happen randomly, whic
h is not repetitive. You can not ensure what actions occur in a given time. The l
ikelihood and probability distribution is known (for example , a person comes e
very 20 ± 10 seconds with an equiprobable distribution within the range ) .
TYPES OF MODELS

Categorize the following examples of models according to what


was explained in the previous slides.

BLUEPRINTS AND MAPS

DEMAND CURVES

GRAVITATIONAL LAW

ROLLING A DIE

MENTION AL LEAST 3 MORE EXAMPLES


SIM STUDY STAGES
PROBLEM
FORMULATION

OBJECTIVES
AND GENERAL
PLAN

MODEL DATA
CONCEPTUA COLLECTION
LIZATION
MODEL
TRANSLATION

VERIFIED

VALIDATED

EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN

RUNS AND
ANAL.

MORE RUNS

DOC. &
REPORTS

IMPLEMENTATION
PROBLEM FORMULATION

IT MAY BE MADE BY THE CUSTOMER


OR THE ANALYST. THE ANALYST MUST
ESTABLISH A SERIES OF CASES THAT
MUST BE AGREED WITH THE CLIENT.
IT IS COMMON THAT THE PROBLEM
SHOULD BE REFORMULATED ACCORD
ING TO THE STATEMENT BY THE
CLIENT.
OBJECTIVES AND GENERAL PLAN

ALSO KNOWN AS “PREPARING A PROPOSAL”. THE OBJEC-


TIVES INDICATE THE QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
THROUGH THE SIM STUDY. THE GENERAL PLAN MUST INDI-
CATE THE REQUIRED TIME, THE STAFF TO BE USED, HARD-
WARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS, RESEARCH STAGE
S, RESULTS OF EACH STAGE, STUDY COST, ETC.
MODEL CONCEPTUALIZATION

THE REAL SYSTEM IS ABSTRACTED BY A


CONCEPTUAL MODEL, A SERIES OF MATH-
EMATICAL AND LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
CONSERNING THE COMPONENTS AND
STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM. AN INITIAL
OUTLINE OF THE ARRIVALS, QUEUES,
SERVERS, ETC. IS ESTABLISHED.
DATA COLLECTION

AFTER THE PROPOSAL IS ACCEPTED, A DATA GATHER


ING STRATEGY MUST BE PLANNED. THIS STAGE CAN
TAKE PLACE ALONG WITH THE MODEL CONCEPTUA-
LIZATION AS THE DIAGRAM SHOWS.
MODEL TRANSLATION

THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL BUILT IN STEP 3 IS ENCODED


IN A COMPUTATIONALLY RECOGNIZED FORM , I.E. IN AN
OPERATIONAL MODEL.
VERIFIED, VALIDATED?

VERIFICATION ANSWERS THE QUESTION : DOES THE OPER


ATIONAL MODEL WORK WELL? IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT
VERIFICATION BE A CONTINUOUS PROCESS .

VALIDATION REFERS TO DETERMINING IF THE CONCEPTU-


AL MODEL IS A REPRESENTATION OF A REAL SYSTEM.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

FOR EACH SIMULATED SCENARIO DECISIONS MUST BE


TAKEN ABOUT THE LENGTH OF THE SIM RUNS, NUMBER
OF RUNS, REPLICATIONS AND THE WAY THEY ARE TO BE
PERFORMED.
RUNS AND ANALYSIS

THEY ARE USED TO ESTIMATE PERFORMANCE MEASURES


FOR THE SCENARIOS THAT ARE BEING SIMULATED.
MORE RUNS?

BASED ON THE RUN ANALYSIS THAT HAS BEEN COMPLE-


TED, THE SIM ANALYST DETERMINES IF SUBSEQUENT
RUNS ARE REQUIRED OR A FURTHER SIM IN A DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENT IS NEEDED.
DOCUMENTATION & REPORTS

IT IS USED FOR HAVING A BASIS FOR SUBSEQUENT SIM


OR IF THE SIMS ARE MODIFIED. IT IS ALSO ESSENTIAL
TO COMPLETE THIS STAGE WHEN PRESENTING THE SIM
TO THE CUSTOMER.
IMPLEMENTATION

IT REFERS TO THE STARTING UP OF THE SIMULATION.


IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE CLIENT THROUGH
OUT THE COMPLETE SIM PROCESS IN ORDER TO
ENSURE THE SUCCESS OF THE IMPLEMENATION.

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