Practical Training

B. Tech. Semester VII

Project- Sky Greens residential building

Prepared By
Pawan jangid
(16bcl028) 1
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Topics Covered-
 Introduction to project
 Features of project
 Building Materials, Tools and Equipment.
 Construction Procedure
1. Column
2. Beam and Slab
3. Staircase
4. Lifts
 Finishing Work
1. Brickwork
2. Plastering
 Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION
1. Sky Greens is one of the many on-going projects of Ozone
Group.

2. Ozone group is a leading developer of residential and

commercial properties in Ahmedabad.

3. This project is a 11 storey building with 2 floor basement

beneath ground floor basement parking.

4. It consist of 18 shops on ground floor, which makes it

commercial project as well.

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 INTRODUCTION
Scope of Project
1. To understand the variations in the actual practical procedures
and that same explained theoretically in the books.
2. The method of execution of work and the problems occurring at
execution level and their short term or long term solutions.
3. The actual procedural approach for work execution, depending on
workability, need of work and quality-strength control to be
understood.
4. Time management and personality enhancement as an engineer
to be developed as actual field engineer.
5. To see construction technology and upcoming opportunities in
coming era.

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 Features of Project
Key Plan

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 Features of Project
Project Details
1. Sky Greens is located in Shaibaug, Ahmedabad.
2. Details
Architect- Placekinesis Associate
Structure – SETU infrastructure

Project Manager- Pranay patel

3. The project consists of 2 towers— each 14 storey. It has
3 and 4 BHK flats.

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 Features of Project
Facilities available on site
1. Parking facilities for Staff
2. Water Point ( R.O. Plant)
3. Restrooms
4. Canteen ( for Staff )
5. Office Containers
6. Labour Colony
7. Provision Store for Labours
8. Security Cabin
9. Tube Wells for water supply
10. High Voltage Electricity from GEB
11. First Aid Kit.

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 Features of Project
Safety measures at Site
1. Safety is the most important aspect practiced at this site.
2. Before entering the site, the workers and staff must carry a
safety helmet.
3. For all works carried out by the contractor, the responsibility of
ensuring the required safety lies with the contractor.
4. Safety Engineer is also appointed to take care of all safety
aspects. He checks that if all the safety rules are followed. He
gives his presence where some risky activity is going on and
guides the laborers. He also keeps the records of helmets and
other safety equipment issued.

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 Materials, Tools and
Equipment
Major Construction Materials
1. CEMENT
Type: OPC 53 Grade
IS Specification: IS-8112 / IS-12269
Manufacturer: Ultratech
Rate: 350/- per bag
Storage: Basement

2. COARSE AGGREGATE
Size: 10mm, 20mm
Rate: 10mm - 680 /tonne
20mm - 640 /tonne

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 Materials, Tools and
Equipment
3. FINE AGGREGATE
Size: ≤ 4.75mm
Rate: 570 /tonne
Storage: In open space

4. CONCRETE
Type: Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC)
Supplier: Aniket Infracon
Grade of concrete: M25, M30, M35

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 Materials, Tools and
Equipment

5. REINFORCEMENT BARS
Type: German TMX 500
IS Specification: IS 1786:2008
Sizes: 8 mm - 12000mm Length
10 mm - 12000mm Length
12 mm - 12000mm Length
16 mm - 12000mm Length
20 mm - 12000mm Length
25 mm - 12000mm Length
Storage: Steel Yard
Rate: 37,000 - 40,000/- per tonne

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 Materials, Tools and
Equipment
Tools used on Site
1. Hammer
It is used for fixing the formwork.
2. Level tube
It is used for checking and transferring the level from one
surface to another surface.
3. Measuring tape
It is used to measure the dimension of any structure.
4. Plumb bob
It consists of heavy metallic bob suspended by a string. It is an
instrument used to check perpendicularity/verticality.
5. Sieve
It is used for obtaining particular size of sand.

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 Materials, Tools and
Equipment
6. Measuring Box
It is used to measure the volume of sand to prepare mortar for
plastering.
7. Spirit Level
It is made of wood or hard plastic with bubble tube in the
middle. It is used in masonry and shuttering to check the level
of the surface.
8. Ladder
Ladder is also required in construction works. To check slab
work, to transport material to the higher floors, to paint the walls
etc.
9. Bump Cutter
This tool is used to level fresh concrete surface.

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 Materials, Tools and
Equipment

10. Vacuum Blower

This tool is used to clean the surface area from impurities
before concreting.
11. Trowel
It is used for digging, smoothing, or otherwise moving around
small amounts of viscous or particulate material.
12. Hoe
It consists of a big wooden handle and the flat metal head used
for mixing sand and cement.

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 Materials, Tools and
Equipment
Equipment used on Site
1. Needle Vibrators
Needle or immersion vibrator is most commonly used vibrator for
concrete. It consists of steel tube having an eccentric vibrating
element inside it. This steel tube called poker is connected to an
electric motor or a diesel engine through a flexible tube.

The used sizes of the needles are 25 mm, 40 mm and 60mm

with 6 m long flexible shaft.

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 Materials, Tools and
Equipment

2. Bar Bending Machine

Model: Spartan SBM 55V
Motor Capacity: 7.5 HP

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 Construction Procedure
Column
COLUMN LAYOUT

COLUMN REINFORCEMENT WORK

COLUMN FORMWORK

CONCRETING

DESHUTTERING OF FORMWORK

CURING

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 Construction Procedure
Column Layout
1. For column layout first Point establishments done by surveyor.
2. Readings are taken using total station
3. Two or three points of column are established by surveyor
4. After establishing of points, site engineer verify reading
5. Points are rechecked manually using a measuring tape. Strings
are tied to 2 end columns of an edge and perpendicular distances
are cross-checked.
6. Key of 75mm is installed for column starter.
7. Concreting of column starter is done using M30 grade concrete.

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 Construction Procedure
Column Reinforcement
1. Steel bars extending from the slab are called dowels.
2. Size of column and diameter of reinforcement bars are
reduced as column height increases. This is done because
load decreases at the top. However, grade of concrete
remains the same.
3. Bar bending tables are present on the site to fabricate,
bend, straighten and lap the bars and also make stirrups.

Procedure
1. The vertical bars for columns are tied to the dowels coming out
from the slab of the column below with the help of binding wires.
2. At our site, the lap joint is tied with the help of binding wires.

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 Construction Procedure

3. Stirrups are inserted from the top and tied keeping the spacing
between them as mentioned in the structural drawing.
4. Spacing between stirrups in confinement zone is 100 mm.
5. Spacing between stirrups in middle zone is 150 mm.
6. Bars are placed such that they reach up to a height of 1200 –
1500mm above the next floor level so that they act as dowels for
next floor columns.
7. Covers of 40mm are tied on all 4 sides at the top and bottom.
8. Reinforcement reduction is done at every third floor.

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 Construction Procedure

Procedure
1. Boundaries of columns where shutters are to be placed are
previously
marked.
2. Plywood is erected on these boundaries such that they just
about
To touch the cover blocks.
3. They are joined together with the help of clamps.
4. Before erecting the formwork, shutter plates are adequately
oiled
inside surface for easy removal of formwork.
5. Adjustable props are used to keep the shutters in place.

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Construction Procedure

Fig6. Formwork of column

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 Construction Procedure
Concreting
1. Concreting work is done in 3 layers of 1m each.
2. After every 1 m height, concrete is compacted using a
needle vibrator for 1-2 .
3. Concrete is poured up to a pre-decided height.
4. 3 cubes are casted each time and sent to lab for testing of
compressive strength.
5. A wooden hammer was used by 1 of the workers to tap with
it on the shutters to ensure that aggregates don't get stuck
between reinforcements bars.

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 Construction Procedure
De-shuttering and curing
1. Once concreting is completed, de shuttering takes place
after 24 hours.
2. Gunny bags are wrapped on the surface of column to prevent
loss of Moisture.
3. Water is regularly sprinkled to keep them moist.
4. It should be continued for a minimum of 7 day.

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 Construction Procedure
4.2 BEAM AND SLAB
1. A concrete slab is structural element of the buildings, used to
construct floors and ceilings.
2. A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads
applied laterally to its axis.
3. The 3 elements namely slab, beam and 1st flight staircase are
casted together so that the monolithic nature is maintained
properly. Each ceiling of a floor is casted in 2 parts.

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 Construction Procedure

 Shuttering of Beam Bottom for Supports

 Shuttering of Beam Sides by support on
Bottoms
 Slab Shuttering
 Beam and Slab Reinforcement
 Placing of Chairs and Covers
 Concreting
 Levelling
 De-shuttering
 Curing

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 Construction Procedure
Shuttering of Beam- Bottom
Wooden ply of 10mm thickness is used with a 20mm wooden key
for strength.
1. 50mm high MS section is used as runner to distribute the load
evenly to the props.
2. A wooden key of 85mm thickness is placed below the runners
which are thus connected to props.
3. Adjustable MS props were placed under the beam at an adequate
distance.
4. Keep appropriate Distance between props.

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Construction Procedure

Fig 8. beam reinforcement

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 Construction Procedure
Shuttering of Slab
1. Firstly, wooden planks are tied between 2 parallel edges of a slab
upon MS props upon which the shutter plates are then adjusted.
2. Process starts from the boundary itself i.e. beams.
3. Wherever spaces were left empty or the shutter plates came
short, plywood pieces were nailed.
4. After shuttering, brown sticky tapes were used to bind them
together.
5. These shutters of slabs are on support of props.

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 Construction Procedure
Beam and Slab reinforcement
A total number of 15 different beams are there in one typical floor.
The common dimensions among beams are 300 × 600 mm, 300 ×
525 mm, 230× 600 mm, 230 × 525 mm, 230 × 450 mm, 115 ×
600 mm and 115 × 525mm . 25 mm cover is used in all the beams.

There are total four different slab reinforcement in a typical floor.

Both one way and two-way slabs are used in the design. Typical
one-way and two-way reinforcements(Top View) are shown in
figures.

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 Construction Procedure
Concreting
1. Concrete is supplied from the on-site RMC plant.
2. M25 grade of concrete is used in both Beams and Slabs.
3. Around 12-13 Transit Mixers are required to cast one part of slab.
4. Concreting is done by pumping from the ground floor to the
upper floors.
5. Once the concrete is pumped it is spread using shovels.
6. An iron rod having a marking at 150mm is placed at various
intervals to check the depth of the slab.
7. To avoid any segregation, one should be careful enough so as to
not pour concrete from a height of more than 1 meter.

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 Construction Procedure
De-shuttering and Curing
1. Side shutters are done first after 2 days.
2. Supports are kept for 14 days.
3. De-shuttering of beam bottom formwork is done after 28 days.
4. Same formwork is used on subsequent all floors.
5. After 1 day, slab is flooded and cured.
6. Water puddles are kept filled to cure slabs.
7. Fine sand dunes are made for it.

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 Construction Procedure
4.3 STAIRCASE
The construction procedure of beams and slabs can be phased out into 6
major steps.
1. Erection of formwork and bottom shuttering
2. Placing reinforcement
3. Side shuttering
4. Concreting
5. De-shuttering of formwork
6. Curing

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 Construction Procedure
Procedure for laying stairs
1. MS props are erected to the required height at the edges
of the flight.
2. To mark the level for placing of beams (along the flight) a
line ‘dori’ is tied with the towers at both ends.
3. Props placed under the soffit are inclined & kept parallel
to the slope of soffit.
4. To give intermediate support to the props, middle props
are erected below the inclined beams on the steps.
5. This is done by taking line ‘dori' as a reference.

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 Construction Procedure
6. Plywood is placed on the wooden beams and it is nailed
with the beams.
7. To restrain the sway of the props in both directions,
horizontal bracing is provided after formwork completes.
8. Surface of the shutter plates is cleaned and oil is applied
on its surface.
9. Also the shutter are taped together after that using a
brown tape to ensure slurry does not leak after concreting
and the plates stay together even under weight.

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 Construction Procedure
Concreting
1. The bottom flight is casted by machine mixed concrete and the
top flight is casted monolithically with the slab and beam, hence
that flight is casted using RMC.
2. The concrete is poured from the upper tread, which eventually
flows downwards to the lower treads.
3. Needle Vibrator is used to compact the concrete.
4. Concrete Bucket is used for concreting of Staircase, which is
lifted using Tower Crane.
5. At our site, M25 grade concrete is used for construction of
staircase.
6. Surface is leveled using a trowel

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 FINISHING WORK
5.1 Brickwork
1. Here on site red bricks was used.
2. For joining two bricks, mortar was used.
3. This mortar is specially designed to provide stronger, much more
durable bonding between the bricks.
4. Ultratech jointing mortar is made from a unique combination of
cement, graded sand and selective additives.
5. At only 3 mm thick it is for thinner than the conventional mortar
which is between 12-18 mm.
6. It is pre-mixed so it is easy to use and also ensures the
compaction of inter-locking bricks making the bonds tougher.

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 FINISHING WORK
5.2 Plastering
Requirements of a good Plaster
1. It should possess good workability
2. It should be hard & durable.
3. It should be possible to apply during all weather conditions.
4. It should be cheap.
5. It should adhere to the background & should remain adhere
during all variation in seasons & other atmospheric conditions.

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7. CONCLUSION
We learned about several basic structures and their functions
such that column Beam, slab, staircase and many more which
one would better understand practically.

Overall it was a good exposure of the work. While studying the

activities several doubts were raised which were cleared with
the help of the staff present on site.

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Thank you

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