Applying Nodal Analysis to solve circuits having dependent sources

Example 5.5: Apply Nodal Analysis to the circuit and find ix and krix
• Solution: The dependent
3 Ohm 2 Ohm
source is CCVS and it is
ix
producing voltage 4ix
Kr.ix
• Apply KCL at the node +
+
3A
v1 we obtained 12V
Kr=4 Ohm
12  v1 v1  4ix
 3 ...( A)
3 2
Solving Eq. A 3 Ohm v1 2 Ohm
24  2v1  18  3v1  12ix ix
5v1  12ix  6 4ix
12  v1 +
+
Where ix  ..( B ) 12V
3A
3
Placing value of ix
12  v1
5v1  12( )6
3
• Continue…
3 Ohm v1 2 Ohm

12  v1 ix 1A
5v1  12( )6 2A

3 +
4ix
+
3A
5v1  48  4v1  6 12V
9v1  54
v1  6V
• Placing V1 in equation B we get 12  v1 12  6
ix    2  ix  2 A
3 3
• The Dependent Source voltage is vCCVS  kr ix  4 X 2  8V
• Recheck
* Current passing through 3Ω= 2A So voltage drop at this=3X2=6
*Current Passing through 2Ω is (8V-6V)/2=1A
*KCL at node v1 1A+2A=3A
Example 5.6: Apply Nodal Analysis and find the current supplied by 4k
the Dependent current Source
*We label the Fig a as in Fig.b
2k 3k
Physical units are in V, KΩ and mA
+ vx -
The dependent Source is VCCS
+ Kgvx
Having current iVCCS =kgvS 1k
5V Kg=1.5ks
• Apply KCL at node v1 and v2
5  v1 v v  v2
 1  1
2 1 3 Fig. a
5  v1 3v1  v1  v2
 4k
2 3
15  3v1  6v1  2v1  2v2
2k v1 3k v2
11v1  2v2  15.....( A)
+ vx -
v1  v2 v 5
 1.5vx  2 +
1k
Kgvx
3 4 5V Kg=1.5ks
v1  v2  4.5vx v2  5

3 4 Fig. b

4v1  4v2  18vx  3v2  15

• Continue Equation of node V2 4k

4v1  4v2  18vx  3v2  15..( B) 2k v1 3k v2

+ vx -

• Where vx  5  v1 …..(C) + Kgvx

1k
5V Kg=1.5ks
• Placing this value in above equation
4v1  7v2  18(5  v1 )  15 Fig. b

4v1  7v2  90  18v1  15

4v1  7v2  18v1  105
14v1 7v2  105......( B)
• Multiply equation A by 7 and Eq. B by 2 and then adding we get
77v1  14v2  105
28v1  14v2  210
105v1  315, v1  3V , v2  9V
• Vx from equation C vx  5  3  2V
• Hence iVCCS  k g vx  1.5 X 2  3mA
 Loop or Mesh Analysis
Example5.7: Apply loop analysis and find Power released or
absorbed by 6V source. Units are V, A andΩ. Source is CCCS
1.5ix
Answer: Loop 1
apply KVL we get equation 3 Ohm 5
0  2i1  3(i1  i3 )  6 Ohm
ix
0  2i1  3i1  3i3  6 +
2 Ohm
5i1  3i3  6....( A) 6V 4 Ohm

Loop 2, apply KVL Fig. a

6  5(i2  i3 )  4i2 1.5ix

5i2  5i3  4i2  6 13

9i2  5i3  6.....( B) 3 Ohm 5

Ohm

Loop 3 i3  1.5ix ..(C ) +

ix  i2  i3
i1
2 Ohm
Where 6V
i2
4 Ohm

Placing in Eq. C we get

i3  1.5(i2  i3 )  i3  3i2 ..(C ) Fig. b
• Placing this value of C in Eq. B 1.5ix
9i2  5( 3i2 )  6.....( B)
13
9i2  15i2  6 3 Ohm 5
Ohm
6i2  6
+
i2  1A 2 Ohm
i1
6V 4 Ohm
• Placing this value in Equations i2

A and C we get i1  3 A
i3  3 A Fig. b

The current out of the positive terminal of the voltage Source is

i6vs  i2  i1  1  (3)  2 A This shows Source is delivering power
p6vs  vi  6 X 2  12W
Checking Loop 1: i2  i1  (3)  3 A  avd v2  2 X 3  6V (ive at top)
i3  i1  i3  (3)  3  0 A So v3  0V
KVL at Loop 1 yields: 3  2  0  6  0  6V  6V (Checked )
Checking Loop 2: i5  i2  i3  1  3  2 A  So v5  5  2  10V 
i4  i2  1A  So v4  4  1  4V (ive at bottom So KVL  10  4  6V
Example 5.8:Apply Loop analysis to find voltage developed by Dependence
Source
• Label the circuit as shown in Fig. b. Units are V, mA and KΩ
6vx
* Apply KVL in Loops 1,2 & 3 3k
+
Loop 1
5mA
9  3i1  6(i1  i2 ) + +
9V vx 6k 2k
9i1  6i2  9....( A) -
Fig. a

Loop 2
0  6(i2  i1 )  6vx  2(i2  5) 6vx
3k
+
6i2  6i1  6vxi  2i2  10  0
8i2  6i1  6vx  10....( B ) + +
5mA

Where 9V i1 vx 6k i2 2k 5
-
vx  6(i1  i2 ) Fig. b

vx  6i1  6i2 ......(C )

 6vx
3k
• Placing Eq. C in Eq. B +

8i2  6i1  6(6i1  6i2 )  10 + +

5mA

8i2  6i1  36i1  36i2  10 9V i1 vx 6k i2 2k 5

-
Fig. b
30i1  28i2  10....( B)
• Multiply Eq. A by10 & B by 3
90i1  60i2  90....( A) and 90i1  84i2  30....( B)
• Subtract Equation A & B we get i2 24i2  60  i2  2.5mA
• Placing i2 in Equation A we get i1 as
9i1  6(2.5)  9  9i1  15  9  9i1  24  i1  8/ 3
• Now vx vx  6i1  6i2  6(8/ 3)  6(2.5)  vx  1V
• Now Voltage of Dependent Source

vVCVS  6vx  6 X 1  6V
 :
Example 5.9 Use Nodel Analysis to check the Answer of Previous Q
6vx
• We have 3k
+
v3k  9  vx (ive at left )
5mA
+ +
v6 k  vx (ive at top) and 9V vx 6k 2k
Fig. a
v2 k  vx  6vx  5vx -

(Because D. Source and 6k are Parallel to 2k)

Apply KCL at super node(One current entering three leaving)

9  vx vx 5vx 9  vx vx  15vx  30
  5 
3 6 2 3 6
54  6vx  3vx  45vx  90  36vx  36  vx  1V
Thus vVCVS  6vx  6 X 1  vVCVS  6V
Hence Verified
Example5.10:Find the Thevenin Equivalent of the circuit and use
voc
Method 1 R eq  2k
5vx
+
A
• Solution: iSC +

• See Fig b. Apply KCL at super node +

6  vx voc 6V Vx 4k

 _
2 4 Fig. a B

 24  4vx  2voc
5vx
2k A
+
+
+

 2voc  4vx  24....( A

+
6V Vx 4k
Voc

_
Where vx by KVL Fig. b _
B

vx  5vx  voc  6vx  voc  vx  voc / 6

Placing this value in equation A

2voc  4(voc / 6)  24  8voc  72  voc  9V

Where
vx  voc / 6  9/ 6  vx  1.5V
 5vx
For Isc (Short circuit current) see Fig. c 2k
+
A
6  vx +
isc  ...( B)
2 +
isc
• For vx apply KVL 6V Vx 3k
vx  5vx  0  vx  0
_
• Placing this value in Eq. B Fig. c B
isc  (6  0) / 2K  3mA
• Now
Req  Voc / Isc  9 / 3  3k
• Now for Thevenin Equivalent we have 3K A

voc  9V
+
Fig. d
Re q  3k 9V

• So the Thevenin Equivalent is

B
Example 5.11 Re compute the Req. for previous example using Method 2.
• Solution:
• We will suppress 6V Independent Source but leave the dependent
source in place. Then apply a test voltage source v and will find i
• Apply KCL at the Super node 2k
5vx
A
v vx v  2vx +
i   i  +
4 2 4
4i  v  2vx ....( A) i +
Vx 4k
* To Find vx apply KVL Clockwise
(Power will be absorbed by D. Source)
vx  5vx  v  vx  v / 6 _
B
* Placing this value in equation A
1
4i  v  2(v / 6)  24i  8v  i  v
3
v v
*Placing I in the formula R eq    3k 
i v/3
(v in numerator and denominator cancelled Thus Req. is recomputed )
Example 5.12 a) In the circuit of Figure a find value of RL for which power
transfer to RL is maximized
b) What is the value of max power 10 Ohms 20 Ohms A
Solution: a) Power transfer will be
maximized when RL=Req +
kgvx
+
vx 30 Ohms RL
*Let us find Req by method 2. 12V
-1
kg=(5 Ohms)
-
* Kgvx=(1/5)vx=0.2vx
Fig.a B
* Remove load Apply test source 10 Ohms V1 20 Ohms A
See Fig.b and apply KCL
vx vx  v1 +
i
+
i   ...( A) vx 30

30 20 0.2vx - v
* Apply KCL at node V1 Fig.b B

vx  v1 v1
 0.2vx   30vx  30v1  v1  vx
20 10
* Apply KVL in First Loop we get v  vx
* Placing v1  vx and v  vx in Eq. A we get i  v / 7.5
* Finally the Req. is R  v / i  v
eq  7.5
b) The Maximum Power is pL(max)  v 2
OC /(4Re q)
So we need to find out Voc which is 10 Ohms V1 20 Ohms

vOC  vx...( B) + +
* Apply KCL at node V1 vx
12  v1 v1  vx 12V 30 Voc
 0.2vx  ...(C ) 0.2vx
10 20
*Vx by Voltage divider formula
7.5 Ohms A
30
vx  v1  v1  (5 / 3)vx
20  30 +
• Placing V1 in Eq C we get vx  3V
3V Thevenin Equivalent RL
• Placing vx  3V in Equation B we get
vOC  3V
• Thevenin Equivalent is shown B
• Finally the maximum Power is
2 2
v 3
pL (max)  
OC
 0.3W
4 Re q 4  7.5
 Quiz Chapter 5
(Wednesday 09-1215)

Assignment 4
(Due on Wednesday 09-12-15)
(Exercise Questions From 5.1 to 5.12)
Write down Each and every step