Unit - IV

Bandpass Modulation And

Demodulation
 Introduction
• Basically there are two type of
transmission of Digital Signal.
– Baseband data transmission :- The digital
data is transmitted over the channel directly. There is no
carrier or any modulation. This is suitable for transmission
over short distances.

– Passband data transmission :- The digital

data modulates high frequency sinusoidal carrier. Hence
they are also called digital CW modulation techniques These
techniques are suitable for transmission over long distances.
 Digital Modulation Formats
• The digital data can modulate phase, frequency or
amplitude of carrier. This gives rise to three basic
techniques
– Phase Shift Keying (PSK) : In this technique, the digital
data modulates phase of the carrier.

– Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) : In this technique, the

digital data modulates frequency of the carrier.

– Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) : in this technique, the

digital data modulates amplitude of the carrier.
Various digital modulation techniques
 Types of Reception for Passband
Transmission
• There are two types of Digital Modulation
techniques.
– Coherent (Synchronous) detection : In this method, the local
carrier generated at the receiver is phase locked with the carrier
at the transmitter. Hence it is also called synchronous detection.
– PSK,FSK,CPM,ASK,CPM(Continuous Phase Modulation)

– Noncoherent (Envelope) detection : In this method, the receiver

carrier need not be phase locked with transmitter carrier. Hence
it is also called envelope detection. Non coherent detection is
simple but it has higher probability of error.
– DPSK,FSK,CPM,ASK,CPM(Continuous Phase Modulation)
 Binary and M-ary Schemes
• There are two types of digital modulation
schemes:
– 1. Binary Schemes (PSK, FSK, ASK)
– 2. M-ary Schemes (M-ary PSK, M-ary FSK ,
QPSK ,MSK , QASK , or QAM)
In binary schemes we send any one of the two
possible signals .
M-ary schemes need less bandwidth as
compared to binary schemes.
But Error performance of M-ary are poor as
compared to Binary Schemes.
 Requirements of Passband
Transmission Scheme
• Any passband transmission scheme should
satisfy following requirements –
– Maximum data transmission rate.
– Minimum probability of symbol error.
– Minimum transmitted power.
– Minimum channel bandwidth.
– Maximum resistance to interfering signals.
– Minimum circuit complexity.
 Advantages of Passband Transmission over
Baseband Transmission
• Long distance transmission.
• Analog channels, can be used for transmission.
• Multiplexing techniques can be used for bandwidth
conservation.
• Problems such as ISI and crosstalk arc absent.
• Passband transmission can take place over wireless
channels also.
• Large number of modulation techniques are available.

Drawbacks of Passband Modulation

• transmitting/receiving antennas, transmitting/receiving
antennas, Modulation and demodulation equipments,
interference problems make the system complex.
• It is not suitable for short distance communication.
 Passband Transmission Model

• Message source : It emits the symbol at the rate of T

seconds.
• Encoder : It is signal transmission encoder. It produces
the vector si made up of 'N' real elements. The vector si is
unique for each set of ‘M' symbols.
• Modulator : It constructs the modulated carrier signal
si(t) of duration ‘T' seconds for every symbol mi. The
signal si (t) is energy signal.
• Channel : The modulated signal si(t) is transmitted over
the communication channel.
– The channel is assumed to be linear and of enough
bandwidth to accommodate the signal si(t).
• Detector : It demodulates the received signal and obtains
an estimate of the signal vector.
 Passband Transmission Model
(Cont..)
• Decoder : The decoder obtains the estimate of
symbol back from the signal vector. Here note
that the detector and decoder combinely
perform the reception of the transmitted signal.
The effect of channel noise is minimized and
correct estimate of symbol in is obtained.
 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
• Principle of BPSK –
– In binary phase shift keying (BPSK), binary symbol '1' and '0'
modulate the phase of the carrier. Let the carrier be,
s(t) = A cos (2fot) ............... (1)
‘A’ represents peak value of sinusoidal carrier. In the standard
1 load register, the power dissipated will be,

……………….(2)
– When the symbol is changed, then the phase of the carrier is
changed by 180 degrees (it radians).
– Consider for example

– ……..(3)

……(4)
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
Cont…

……(5)

……(6)
 Graphical Representation of BPSK Signal

• As can be seen from Fig. (b), the signal b (t) is NRZ bipolar signal.
This signal directly modulates carrier cos (2fot)
 Generation and Reception of BPSK Signal
• Generator of BPSK Signal :-
– The BPSK signal can be generated by applying carrier signal to
the balanced modulator.
– The Baseband signal b(t) is applied as a modulating signal to
the balanced modulator. Fig. shows the block diagram of BPSK
signal generator.

– The NRZ level encoder converts the binary data sequence into
bipolar NRZ signal.
 Generation and Reception of BPSK Signal (Cont…)
• Reception of BPSK Signal

• shows the block diagram of the scheme to recover baseband signal from

BPSK sign...be transmitted BPSK signal is

 Generation and Reception of BPSK Signal (Cont…)

• Operation of the receiver :-

– Phase shift in received signal : This signal undergoes the phase
change depending upon the time delay from transmitter to receiver.
This phase change is normally fixed phase shift in the transmitted
signal. Let the phase shift be.  Therefore the signal at the input of
the receiver is

– Square law device : Now from this received signal, a carrier is

separated since this is coherent detection. As shown in the Fig., the
received signal is passed through a square law device. At the output
of the square law device the signal will be,

– Note here that we have neglected the amplitude, because

we are only interested in the carrier of the signal.
 Generation and Reception of BPSK Signal (Cont…)

………………

• Bandpass filter : This signal is then passed through a

bandpass filter whose passband is centered around 2f0.
Bandpass filter removes the D.C. level of 1/2 and at its
output we get,
cos 2 (2 fo t + ) This signal has frequency of 2f0 .
• Frequency divider : The above signal is passed through a
frequency divider by two. Therefore at the output of
frequency divider we get a cant signal whose frequency is fo
i.e.
cos (2 fo t + )
 Generation and Reception of BPSK Signal
(Cont…)
• Synchronous demodulator : The synchronous (coherent)
demodulator multiplies the input signal and the recovered
carrier. Therefore at the output of multiplier we get,

• Bit synchronizer and integrator : The above signal is then

applied to the bit synchronizer and integrator. The
integrator integrates the signal over one bit period. The
bit synchronizer takes care of starting and ending times
of a bit.
Generation and Reception of BPSK Signal (Cont…)
Generation and Reception of BPSK Signal (Cont…)
Bandwidth of BPSK signal
 Advantages and
Disadvantages of BPSK
• Advantages
– It has bandwidth which is lower than
that of BFSK.
– Best signal to noise performance
– Minimum error possibility
• Disadvantages
– The generation and detection of BPSK is
difficult due to the synchronous
demodulation is used to recover the
original signals.
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
• Principle :-
– Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is differentially
coherent modulation method.

– DPSK does not need a synchronous (coherent) carrier at

the demodulator.

– The input sequence of binary bits is modified such that

the next bit depends upon the previous bit.

– Therefore in the receiver the previous received bits are

used to detect the present bit.
 DPSK Transmitter and Receiver
• Operation and waveform of transmitter

• The input sequence is d (t). Output sequence is b(t) and b

(t —Tb) is the previous output delayed by one bit period.
• Depending upon values of d (t) and b (t -Tb), exclusive OR gate
generates the output sequence b(t).
DPSK Transmitter and Receiver (Cont..)
• An arbitrary sequence d (t) is taken.

• Depending on this sequence, b (t)and b (t -Tb) are found.

• These waveforms are shown in Fig.

• The above Table is used to derive the levels of these
waveforms.
DPSK Transmitter and Receiver (Cont..)
• it is clear that b (t -Tb) is the delayed version of b (t) by
one bit period Tb.
• The exclusive OR operation is satisfied in any interval i.e. in
any interval b (t) is given as,
• Important conclusions from the waveforms
– Output sequence b (t) changes level at the beginning of each
interval in which d (t) = 1 and it does not changes level when d
(t) = 0. Observe that d ( 3) =1, hence level of b (3) is changed at the
beginning of interval 3. Similarly in intervals 10, 11, 12 and 13
d (t) =1. Hence b (t) is changed at the starting of these intervals. In
interval 8 and 9 d (t) =0. Hence b (t) is not changed in these
intervals.
 DPSK Transmitter and Receiver
(Cont..)
– When d (t) =0, b(t) = b (t -.Tb) and
When d (t) = 1, b (t)= b (t -Tb)
– In interval no. 1 we has assumed b (t -Tb) =0 and we obtained the
waveform as shown in Fig. If we assume b (t - Tb) =1 in interval no.
1, then the waveform of b (t) will be inverted. But still b (t) changes
the level at the beginning each interval in which d(t) =1.
– The sequence b (t) modulates sinusoidal carrier.
– When b (1) changes the level, phase of the carrier is changed. Since b
(t) changes its level only if d(t) =1. It shows that phase of the carrier
is changed only if d(t) =1.
• In BPSK phase of the carrier changes on both the symbol
'1' and '0'. Whereas in DPSK phase of the carrier changes
only on symbol '1'. This is the main difference between
BPSK and DPSK.
 DPSK Receiver

• Operation of Receiver
– Phase shift in received signal : During the transmission,
the DPSK signal undergoes some phase shift O.
Therefore the signal received at the input of the
receiver is
– Multiplier output : This signal is multiplied with its delayed
version by one bit. Therefore the output of the multiplier is
 DPSK Receiver (Cont..)

• fo is the carrier frequency and Tb is one bit period. Tb contains

integral number of cycles of fo. We know that,
 DPSK Receiver (Cont..)
Since cos 2n=1, the above equation will be

• Integrator : The above signal is given to the integrator.

In the k th bit interval, the integrator output can be
written as,

• The integration of the second term will be zero since it is

integration of carrier over one bit duration. The carrier has
integral number of cycles over one bit period hence integration
is zero. Therefore we can write,
 DPSK Receiver (Cont..)
• Decision device : The decision device is shown
in Fig. We know that,

….From the previous result

 Bandwidth of DPSK Signal
• We know that one previous bit is used to decide the phase shift of
next bit. Change in b (t) occurs only if input bit is at level “1”. No
change occurs if input bit is at level.

• Since one previous bit is always used to define the phase shift in
next bit, the symbol can be said to have two bits. Therefore one
symbol duration (T) is equivalent to two bits duration (2Tb).

i.e.
Symbol duration T = 2Tb
Bandwidth is given as,
BW =2 / T
= 1/Tb
Or BW = fb

• Thus the minimum bandwidth in DPSK is equal to fb ; i.e.

maximum baseband signal frequency.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of DPSK
DPSK has some advantages over BPSK, but at the same
time it has some drawbacks.
• Advantages :-
– DPSK does not need carrier at its receiver. Hence the
complicated circuitry for generation of local carrier is
avoided.
– The bandwidth requirement of DPSK is reduced compared to
that of BPSK
• Disadvantage :-
– The probability of error or bit error rate of DPSK is higher
than that of BPSK.
– Since DPSK uses two successive bits for its reception, error
in the first bit creates error in the second bit. Hence error
propagation in DPSK is more. Whereas in PSK single bit can
go in error since detection Of each bit is independent.
– Noise interference in DPSK is more.
Example 1 : The bit stream 1011100011 is to be
transmitted using DPSK. Determine the encoded
sequence and transmitted phase sequence .
• In the Fig. observe that the delayed output sequence
b(t -Tb) is assumed initially”0”. The encoded sequence b(t)
is given as,
Advantages:
1. It doesn’t need a synchronous carrier at the
demodulator for detecting a DPSK signal, making
receiver circuit simple.
2. DSPK has a lower bandwidth compared to BPSK.

Disadvantages:
1.Bit determination at the receiver is made on the
basis of the signal received in 2 successive bit
intervals. Hence noise in one bit interval may
cause errors to two bit determinations.
2. Error rate and effect of noise is higher than that
of BPSK.
DEPSK: Differentially encoded PSK.
• Transmitter of a DEPSK is identical to the DPSK
transmitter.
• Receiver has an additional EX-or gate after the
synchronous demodulation and detection in BPSK.
• b(t) is applied to one of the inputs of an EX-OR
gate and also to the Delay circuit.
d(t)= b(t) ex-or b(t-Tb).
• Now, if b(t)=b(t-Tb) then o/p of the EX-OR gate
will be 0.
d(t)=0
& if b(t)= b(t-Tb) bar then o/p of the EX-OR gate
will be 1.
d(t)=1.
Block diagram of DEPSK
system
DEPSK: Differentially encoded PSK(cont’d)
Advantages:
1. DEPSK uses coherent / synchronous type of
detection & so the probability of error is
reduced.
2. In DPSK demodulator, the delay generating
device has to operate at the carrier freq but in
DEPSK demodulator, the delay device operates
at the baseband frequency fb. This reduces
hardware cost.
Disadvantages:
1. Complex demodulator is required.
2. Error occurs in pairs. Thus one bit error will give
rise to two errors in d(t).
 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
• Principle
– In communication systems we know that there are two main
resources, i.e. transmission power and the channel
bandwidth. The channel bandwidth depends upon the bit rate
or signaling rate . In digital bandpass transmission, a carrier is
used for transmission. This carrier is transmitted over a
channel.
– If two or more bits are combined in some symbols, then the
signaling rate is reduced. Therefore the frequency of the
carrier required is also reduced. This reduces the transmission
channel bandwidth. Thus because of grouping of bits in
symbols, the transmission channel bandwidth is reduced.
– In quadrature phase shift keying, two successive bits in the
data sequence are grouped together. This reduces the bits rate
of signaling rate and hence reduces the bandwidth of the
channel.
 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
– In BPSK we know that when symbol changes the level, the
phase of the carrier is changed by 180'. Since there were only
two symbols in BPSK, the phase shift occurs in two levels only.
– In QPSK two successive bits are combined. This combination of
two bits forms four distinct symbols. When the symbol is
changed to next symbol the phase of the carrier is changed by
n45 (n/4 radians). Table shows these symbols and their
phase shifts
 QPSK Transmitter and Receiver
• Offset QPSK (OQPSK) or Staggered QPSK Transmitter

• Operation and waveforms

Detailed diagram for the transmitter

Note: Flip flop used as a 1-bit storage device and introduces a

1-bit delay in b(t).
 Waveforms

ODD

EVEN

Offset
Non-offset QPSK transmitter
 QPSK Transmitter and Receiver Cont..
• Step 1 : Input Sequence Converted to NRZ type
– Fig. 5.4.1 shows the block diagram of OQPSK transmitter.
– The input binary sequence is first converted to a bipolar NRZ type
of signal.
– This signal is called b(t). It represents binary “1” by +1 V and
binary ‘0’ by -1 V.

• Step 2 : Demultiplexing into odd and even numbered

sequences
– The demultiplexer divides b (t) into two separate bit streams of the
odd numbered and even numbered bits.
– be(t) represents even numbered sequence and bo (t) represents
odd numbered sequence. The symbol duration of both of these odd
and even numbered sequences is 2Tb. Thus every symbol
contains two bits.
 QPSK Transmitter and Receiver Cont..
• From waveform on next slide
• Observe that the first even bit occurs after the first odd bit.
• Therefore even numbered bit sequence be(t) starts with the
delay of one bit period due to first odd bit.
• Thus first symbol of be (t) is delayed by one bit period “Tb”
with respect to first symbol of bo(t).
• This delay of “Tb” is called offset. Hence the name offset
QPSK is given.
• This shows that the change in levels of be (t) and bo (t)
cannot occur at the same time because of offset or
staggering.
EVEN

ODD
 QPSK Transmitter and Receiver Cont..
• Step 3 : Modulation of quadrature carriers
– The bit stream be(t) modulates carrier
and bo(t) modulates
– These modulators are balanced modulator. The two
carriers and are shown in Fig.
– These carriers are also called Quadrature carriers.
– The two modulated signals are,
– Thus se(t) and so (t) are basically BPSK signals and they are
similar to equation following equiv. and equiv of BPSK. The
only difference is that T= 2Tb here.
– The value of be (t) and bo (I) will be +1 V or -1 V. Fig. 5.4.2 (f)
and (g) shows the waveforms of s (t) and s (t).
 QPSK Transmitter and Receiver Cont..
• Step 4 : Addition of modulated carriers
– The adder of Fig. adds these two signals be (t) and bo(t). The
output of the adder is OQPSK signal and it is given as,

– Step 5 : QPSK signal and phase shift

• Fig. (h) shows the QPSK signal represented by above equation. In
QPSK signal of Fig. (h),
• if there is any phase change, it occurs at minimum duration of Tb.
• This is because the two signals se (t) and so (t) have an
offset of 'Tb’. Because of this offset, the phase shift in QPSK
signal is /2.
• It is clear from the waveforms of Fig. that be. be(t) and bo
(t) cannot change at the same time because of offset
between them.
 QPSK Transmitter and Receiver Cont..
• Since bo(t) and be(t) cannot change at the same time, the
phase change in QPSK signal will be maximum it / 2 .
VQPSK=2PS COS[ Ct+ (2m+1)/4] where m=0,1,2,3…
 QPSK Transmitter and Receiver Cont..
• Receiver of QPSK

b0(t)TbPs

be(t)TbPs

– Fig. shows the QPSK receiver. This is synchronous

reception. Therefore coherent carrier is to be recovered
from the received signal s (t).
 QPSK Transmitter and Receiver Cont..
• Operation
– Step 1 : Isolation of carrier
• The received signal s (t) is first raised to its 4th power, i.e. s4 (1).
• Then it is passed through a bandpass filter centered around 4fo.
• The output of the bandpass filter is a coherent carrier of frequency 4fo.
• This is divided by 4 and it gives two coherent quadrature carriers
cos(2ƒot) and sin(2ƒot).
– Step 2 : Synchronous detection
• These coherent carriers are applied to two synchronous demodulators.
• These synchronous demodulators consist of multiplier and an integrator.
– Step 3 : Integration over two bits interval
• The incoming signal is applied to both the multipliers. The integrator
integrates the product signal over two bit interval (i.e. Ts =2Tb).
– Step 4 : Sampling and multiplexing odd and oven bit sequences
• At the end of this period, the output of integrator is sampled.
• The outputs of the two integrators are sampled at the offset of one bit
period Tb.
• Hence the output of multiplexer is the signal b (t). That is, the odd and
even sequences are combined by multiplexer.
 Bandwidth of QPSK Signal

• We have seen that the bandwidth of BPSK signal is equal

of 2fb. Here Tb = 1/fb the one bit period.
• In QPSK the two waveforms be (t) and bo (t) from the
baseband signals. One bit period for both of these signals is
equal to 2Tb.
• Therefore bandwidth of QPSK signal is,

• Thus the bandwidth of QPSK signal is half of the bandwidth

of BPSK signal.
• Earlier we have seen that noise immunity of QPSK and
BPSK is same.
• This shows that in spite of the reduction in bandwidth in
QPSK, the noise immunity remains same as compare to
BPSK , BW of QPSK can also be obtained by plotting
equation
Bandwidth of QPSK Signal Cont..
 Advantages of QPSK
• QPSK has some definite advantages and disadvantages
as compared to BPSK and DPSK.
– Advantages
• For the same bit error rate, the bandwidth required
by QPSK is reduced to half as compared to BPSK.
• Because of reduced bandwidth, the information
transmission rate of QPSK is higher.
• Variation in OQPSK amplitude is not much. Hence
carrier power almost remains constant.
 M-ary PSK
• BPSK transmits one bit at a time and it has only two
symbols. Hence whenever the symbol is changed, the
phase shift is,

• In QPSK two successive bits are combined to form 4 distinct

symbols. Hence whenever symbol is changed, the phase
shift is,

• This can be extended further for 'N' bits. If we combine N

successive bits, then there will be 2N =M possible symbols.
Whenever the symbol is changed the phase shaft is,
 M-ary PSK Cont..
• Since there are M-symbols, this method is called M-ary
PSK. The transmitted waveform is represented in M-ary
PSK as,
 Power Spectral Density of M-ary PSK
• PSK and QPSK are the special cases of M-ary PSK. The symbol
duration for M-ary PSK is given by equation as,

Ts = NT
• Here N is the number of input successive bits combined. The
baseband power spectral density of QPSK is given as,
 Power Spectral Density of M-ary PSK Cont..
• The above equation gives the power spectral density of
baseband M-ary PSK.
• “Ts” is the duration of one bit. Fig. shows the plot of SB(f)
for M-ary PSK.
 Bandwidth of M-ary PSK
• The spectrum of the previous Fig. is placed at carrier
frequency after modulation. Therefore the bandwidth
required by the system is equal to the width of the main
lobe i.e.
Transmitter and Receiver of M-ary PSK
• M-ary PSK Transmitter

• Fig. shows the simplified M-ary PSK transmitter. The serial to

parallel converter forms a symbol of 'N successive bits. That is the
output of serial to parallel converter is ‘N‘ bit word.
• The digital to analog converter output remains unchanged till last
Nth bit is received.
• Then depending upon the input 'N' bits, the output of D/A
converter is defined. This output is m(t). Again the serial to
parallel converter starts taking bits for next 'N' word.
Transmitter and Receiver of M-ary PSK

• The output of D/A converter remain unchanged till last bit

is received.
• Thus m(t) is hold for the period of NTb. m(t) takes 2^N=M
different values, depending upon the input bits.
• The voltage m (t) is applied to modulator(sinusoidal
generator). This modulator modulates the phase of
sinusoidal carrier depending upon the amplitude of the
symbol m(t) from D/A converter.
• Thus at the o/p of the transmitter, we get a fixed amplitude
sinusoidal waveform, the phase of which has a one to one
correspondence to the N-bit symbols.
• The phase will change only once per symbol time Ts=NTb.
Transmitter and Receiver of M-ary PSK
• M-ary PSK Receiver
 Transmitter and Receiver of M-ary PSK
• M-ary PSK Receiver Cont..
– It operates on the principle of synchronous demodulation.
– Fig. shows the receiver of M-ary PSK. It is similar to QPSK receiver.
– The input signal s (t) is raised to M th power.
– The bandpass filter extracts the frequency component Mfo.
– frequency is divided by 'M’ to obtain carrier frequency fo. The
coherent carriers are thus generated and applied to the two
multipliers.
– The outputs of the multipliers are given to the integrators.
– The integrators integrate over the period of Ts =NTb.
– The outputs of the integrators are sampled after the period Ts in
every cycle and applied to the analog to digital converter.
– The integrator outputs are proportional to TsPe and TsPo.
– These voltages are applied to A / D converter, which
reconstructs 'N' bit symbol. This N bit symbol is given to the
parallel to serial converter. It then generates the bit sequence b(t).
• Advantages:
1. B/W reduces with increase in the no. of
bits per symbol.

• Disadvantages:
1. Probability of error increases in the no. of
bits N per symbol.
2. The transmitter and receiver of M-ary
PSK is very complex.
Fig: 4-ary Multiamplitude signal

71
 Quadrature Amplitude Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

• We have seen in the preceding sections that the correct detection

of the signal depends upon the separation between the signal
points in the signal space.
• In case of PSK systems all points lie on the circumference of the
circle.
• This is because PSK signal has constant amplitude throughout.
• If amplitude of the signal is also varied, then the points will lie
inside the circle also on the signal space diagram.
• This further increases the noise immunity of the system. Such
system involves phase as well as amplitude shift keying.
• It is called quadrature amplitude phase shift keying or simply
QASK. It is also called quadrature amplitude modulation or QAM.
 Geometrical Representation and
Euclidean Distance of QASK Signals
(Signal Space Representation)
• Let us consider the case of 4--bit symbol.
• Then there will be 24 =16 possible symbols.
• In the QASK system, such 16 symbols are represented geometrically as
shown in Fig. 3.6.1.

• It shows Geometrical representation of 16 QASK signals.

• The distance from the neighboring points is d = 2a. Let the signals be
equally likely.
Average Normalized
Energy of signal in the
first quadrant
Types of QAM:

Name Bits per symbol Number of

symbols
4 QAM 2 4
8 QAM 3 8
16 QAM 4 16
32 QAM 5 32
64 QAM 6 64
Example: 4 QAM and 8 QAM
 Transmitter and Receiver of QASK
• This equation gives the QASK signal.
• Here k1 and k2 defined the amplitude of the modulated
signal.
• Fig. shows the transmitter for 4-bit QASK (or 16-QASK) system.
Transmitter and Receiver of QASK
 Transmitter and Receiver of QASK
• The input bit steam is applied to a serial to parallel converter.
• Four successive bits are applied to the digital to analog converters.
• These bits are applied after every Ts second.
• Ts is the symbol period and Ts =4Tb.
• Bits bk and bk+1. I are applied to upper digital to analog converter
and bk+2 and bk+3 are applied to lower digital to analog converter.
• Depending upon two input bits, the output of digital to analog
converter takes four output levels.
• Thus A e(t) and A0(t) takes 4 levels depending upon combination
of two inputs bits.
Receiver of QASK
Bandwidth of QASK
Comparison between QASK and QPSK
 Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
• In binary frequency shift keying, the frequency of the carrier is
shifted according to the binary symbol.
• The phase of the carrier is unaffected. That is we have two
different frequency signals according to binary symbols.
• Let there be a frequency shift by Q.
• Then we can write following equations.
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
BFSK Transmitter
 Coherent BFSK Receiver
• Fig. shows the block diagram of coherent BFSK receiver.
• There are two correlators for two frequencies of FSK signal.
• These correlators are supplied with locally generated carriers 1(1)
and 2(1) If the transmitted frequency is fH, then output s1(t) will
be higher than s2(1). Hence y(t) will be greater than zero.
 Noncoherent BFSK Receiver
• Fig. shows the block diagram of BFSK receiver.
• The receiver consists of two bandpass filters ; one with centre
frequency fH and other with centre frequency fL.
• Since fH -fL = 2fb the outputs of filters do not overlap.
• The bandpass filters pass their corresponding main lobes without
much distortion.
 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK)

• The principle of BFSK can be

extended upto ‘N’ successive bits.
Therefore,2N=M different symbols.
• Every symbol uses different
frequency for transmission. Such
system is called M-ary FSK system.
• The principle of transmission and
reception is different from BFSK.
 MFSK Transmitter
• ‘N’ successive bits are presented in parallel to digital to analog
converter. These ‘N’ bits form a symbol at the o/p of the D-to-A
converter.
• Depending upon the value of the symbol, the frequency modulator
generates different frequency o/p for every symbol.
• Thus for ‘M’ symbols, there are ‘M’ frequency signals at the o/p of
the modulator. (f0, f1, f3,…fM-1)
MFSK Receiver
MFSK Receiver
 PSD of MFSK
• Observe in the below figure that, the
separation between the two nearest
main lobes is 2fs.
 Minimum shift keying
• minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-
phase frequency-shift keying, it is a form of phase shift keying, PSK.
• Similar to OQPSK, MSK is encoded with bits alternating between
quadrature components, with the Q component delayed by half
the symbol period.
• Reason for Minimum Shift Keying, MSK: It is found that binary
data consisting of sharp transitions between "one" and "zero" states
and vice versa potentially creates signals that have sidebands
extending out a long way from the carrier, and this creates problems
for many radio communications systems, as any sidebands outside
the allowed bandwidth cause interference to adjacent channels and
any radio communications links that may be using them.
• The problem can be overcome in part by filtering the signal, but is
found that the transitions in the data become progressively less sharp
as the level of filtering is increased and the bandwidth reduced. To
overcome this problem we use Minimum Shift Keying, MSK
modulation. The advantage of which is what is known as a continuous
phase scheme. Here there are no phase discontinuities because the
frequency changes occur at the carrier zero crossing points.
• Consider a 8 bit sequence which is Transmission of
BPSK modulated as [+1, +1, -1, -1,
-1, +1, +1 , +1] having symbol
BPSK/QPSK
duration of Tb/Ts(Tb=Ts for BPSK). modulation
• The same sequence can be sent
over QPSK modulation, where even
bits are send on I-arm and the odd
bits are send over Q-arm.
• Now, a variant of QPSK
called offset-QPSK (O-QPSK) can be
generated by having a relative
delay between the I-arm and Q-arm
by symbol period T.
• Researchers have found that they
can make the phase transitions
zero, if rectangular pulse shapes
used in O-QPSK are replaced by
sinusoidal pulse shapes i.e by
using and on the I and Q
arm respectively. This is also known
as Minimum Shift Keying
(MSK) !
 Transmission of O-QPSK/MSK
modulation
• MSK waveforms are
“smoother” as
compared to QPSK
and will have
smaller side lobes
than those
associated with the
rectangular
waveforms thereby
avoiding
interchannel
interference.
• Signal using MSK modulation:
It can be seen that the modulating data signal changes the
frequency of the signal and there are no phase
discontinuities. This arises as a result of the unique factor of
MSK that the frequency difference between the logical one
and logical zero states is always equal to half the data rate.
This can be expressed in terms of the modulation index, and it is
always equal to 0.5.
• A modulation index of 0.5 corresponds to the minimum frequency
spacing that allows two FSK signals to be coherently orthogonal,
and the name minimum shift keying implies the minimum
frequency separation (i.e. bandwidth) that allows orthogonal
detection.
• Above equation can be rewritten to make
it apparent that MSK is an FSK system as:
Method of modulating and
demodulating MSK.
MSK Transmitter
MSK Receiver
• The End……………………………….