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02 Introduction To Logic

Logic has progressed through history from ancient philosophies like Nyaya to modern developments. It is defined as the science of correct reasoning, using principles to govern thinking. Logic has both precise symbolic representations and applications to everyday problem solving. It developed from pre-Socratic philosophers to Aristotle's founding of the systematic study of logic, and continued changing through commentators, scholastics, and modern algebraic approaches. Logic involves simple apprehension of concepts, judgment of their relations, and reasoning to new truths.

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Jay Perez
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94 views35 pages

02 Introduction To Logic

Logic has progressed through history from ancient philosophies like Nyaya to modern developments. It is defined as the science of correct reasoning, using principles to govern thinking. Logic has both precise symbolic representations and applications to everyday problem solving. It developed from pre-Socratic philosophers to Aristotle's founding of the systematic study of logic, and continued changing through commentators, scholastics, and modern algebraic approaches. Logic involves simple apprehension of concepts, judgment of their relations, and reasoning to new truths.

Uploaded by

Jay Perez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC

Progression and definition through history


Johnny's mother had three children. The first child
was named April. The second child was named May.
What was the third child's name?

JOHNNY
How many animals of
each species did Moses
bring aboard the Ark?
None.
How can a woman living in New Jersey, legally
marry 3 men, without ever getting a divorce, be
widowed, or becoming legally separated?

It’s her job.


Remove six matches to make ten.
CUT THE CAKE:
How is it possible to cut a traditional circular
cake into 8 equal size pieces, with only 3 cuts
Why can't you take a
picture of an Indian
woman with hair
curlers?
You can’t take
photos with hair
curlers. You need
a camera.
You are in a race and you overtake the person
who is in second place.
What is your position now?
Second.
What do you call something that when you say
its name, you break it?

Silence.
There was a green house.
Inside the green house was a
white house. Inside the white
house there was a red
house. Inside the red house
there were lots of babies.
What is it?
If you have me,
you want to share
me. If you share
me, you haven't
got me.
What am I?
What is as light
as a feather,
but even the
world's strongest
man couldn't
hold it for more
than a minute?
What has one
eye but cannot
see?
Two girls were born to
the same mother, on
the same day, at the
same time, in the same
month and year and
yet they're not
twins. How can this be?
“
Experience is the source of
knowledge, and logic is
its structure.
Aristotle
Origin
Etymology: Greek word logos
Spoken word/speech/reason

The actual term was introduced by


Zeno (300 BC)
Greek word logike
Discourses on thinking/
Treatise on thought
Definition
The science of correct reasoning
Logic is not the foundation of knowledge; it’s only
a tool.
Definition

SCIENCE ART
Consists of a system ART is the power to
of principles that perform certain actions
govern correct thinking guided by special
knowledge and
executed with skill
Types

Precise symbolic Application of logical concepts


representations of logical to the analysis of everyday
concepts reasoning and problem-
solving
Study of abstract relationships
between concepts
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

1 Nyaya philosophy
Changes in
2 Pre-Aristotelian the logical
methods
3 Aristotelian and
procedures
4 Post-Aristotelian
5 The Scholastics and Crusaders
6 Modern Logic
1 Nyaya Philosophy
5th century B.C., India
Said to have been authored by Siddharta Gautama

There is a need for the human person to


obtain knowledge
Nyaya – logical argument/syllogism
1 Nyaya Philosophy

PERCEPTION INFERENCE ANALOGY VERBAL


Error-free Use of TESTIMONY
cognition implication
Due to authority
Comparison
Comes from and not by direct
direct contact experience
between the
senses and
object
2 Pre-Aristotelian
5th century B.C., Greece
Eleatics, Sophists, and Megarics
What is the origin of the universe?
3 Aristotelian

Founder of Logic

First thinker to devise a logical system

384-322 BC
4 Post-Aristotelian

Epistemology
Greek and Latin commentators
Explanation and defense of Aristotle’s
works on logic
5 Scholastics and Crusaders

devised mnemonic names for the valid


moods canvassed in the Prior Analytics
6 Modern Logic

Sciences (specifically Mathematics)


Algebraic school
Logicist school
Mathematical school
DIVISIONS

1 Simple apprehension
2 Judgment
3 Reasoning
DIVISIONS
1 Simple apprehension
The act by which the intellect grasps the essence
of something
Apprehension – lays hold of the thing mentally
Simple – the intellect merely takes the thing in without any
affirmation or denial about it
DIVISIONS
1 Simple apprehension
DIVISIONS
2 Judgment
A mental operation that pronounces the identity
or non-identity between two ideas
DIVISIONS
2 Reasoning
A mental act that proceeds from the previously
known truth to a new truth
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
Progression and definition through history

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