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MATH 01 Lesson 5 Exponential Functions

The number of bacteria present in the culture at the end of four hours is approximately 360,029.

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Ken Aguila
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135 views24 pages

MATH 01 Lesson 5 Exponential Functions

The number of bacteria present in the culture at the end of four hours is approximately 360,029.

Uploaded by

Ken Aguila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Mathematics

(MATH 01)

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Exponential Functions


Exponential Function

 The function defined by

f ( x)  b x (b  0, b  1)
is called an exponential function with base b
and exponent x.
 The domain of f is the set of all real numbers.
Example

 The exponential function with base 2 is the function

f ( x)  2 x
with domain (– , ).
 The values of f(x) for selected values of x follow:

f (3)  2 3  8

 3
f    23/2  2  21/2  2 2
2

f (0)  20  1
Example

 The exponential function with base 2 is the function

f ( x)  2 x
with domain (– , ).
 The values of f(x) for selected values of x follow:

1 1
f ( 1)  2 
2

 2 2/3 1 1
f     2  2/3  3
 3 2 4
Laws of Exponents

 Let a and b be positive numbers and let x


and y be real numbers. Then,
1. b x  b y  b x  y
x
b
2. y  b x  y
b
3. b 
x y
 b xy

 ab   a xb x
x
4.
x
 a ax
5.    x
b b
Examples
2x – 1
 Let f(x) = 2 . Find the value of x for which f(x) = 16.
Solution
 We want to solve the equation
22x – 1 = 16 = 24
 But this equation holds if and only if
2x – 1 = 4
5
giving x = .
2
Properties of Exponential Functions

 The exponential function y = bx (b > 0, b ≠ 1) has


the following properties:
1. Its domain is (– , ).
2. Its range is (0, ).
3. Its graph passes through the point (0, 1)
4. It is continuous on (– , ).
5. It is increasing on (– , ) if b > 1 and
decreasing on (– , ) if b < 1.
Graphs of Exponential Functions

The graph of f(x) = bx, b > 1


y

4 Range: (0, )

(0, 1)
x

4
Horizontal Asymptote
Domain: (–, ) y=0
Graphs of Exponential Functions

The graph of f(x) = bx, 0 < b < 1


y

4
Range: (0, )

Horizontal Asymptote
y=0 (0, 1)
x
4

Domain: (–, )
Graphs of Exponential Functions

The graphs either


decreases or increases
exponentially

• Decreases: b > 1
• Increases: 0 < b < 1
Example: Sketch the graph of f(x) = 2x.

y
x f(x) (x, f(x))
-2 ¼ (-2, ¼) 4
-1 ½ (-1, ½)
2
0 1 (0, 1)
x
1 2 (1, 2)
–2 2
2 4 (2, 4)
Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 2-x. State the
domain and range.
y f(x) = 2x
The graph of this function
is a reflection the graph of
f(x) = 2x in the y-axis.
4

Domain: (–, ) x

Range: (0, ) –2 2
Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 2x – 1. State the
domain and range.
y f(x) = 2x
The graph of this function
is a vertical translation of
the graph of f(x) = 2x down
one unit . 4

Domain: (–, ) x
y = –1
Range: (–1, )
Natural Exponential Functions

The irrational number e, is called the natural base.


The function f(x) = ex is called the natural exponential function.
n
 1
n 1  
The table shows the  n
n
1 2
values of A 1  1 
0
 n 2 2.25
as n gets 5 2.48832
increasingly large. 10 2.59374246
100 2.704813829

As n   , the 1000 2.716923932


10,000 2.718145927
approximate
100,000 2.718268237
value of e (to 9
1,000,000 2.718280469
decimal places) is
1,000,000,000 2.718281827
≈ 2.718281827  1
n

As n  ,  1    e
 n
Compound Interest
• The formula for compound interest:

nt
 r
A(t )  P 1  
 n

Where n is the number of times per


year interest is being compounded
and r is the annual rate.
Compound Interest - Example
• Which plan yields the most interest?
• Plan A: A $1.00 investment with a 7.5% annual rate
compounded monthly for 4 years
• Plan B: A $1.00 investment with a 7.2% annual rate
compounded daily for 4 years

• A: 12(4)
 0.075 
1 1    1.3486
 • B: 12  $1.35
365(4)
 0.072 
1 1    1.3337
 365 
$1.34
Interest Compounded Continuously
• If interest is compounded “all the time” (MUST use the word
continuously), we use the formula

where P is the initial principle (initial amount)

A(t )  Pe rt
A(t )  Pe rt
• If you invest $1.00 at a 7% annual rate that is compounded
continuously, how much will you have in 4 years?

• You will have a whopping $1.32 in 4 years!

1* e (.07)(4)
 1.3231
You Do
• You decide to invest $8000 for 6 years and have a choice
between 2 accounts. The first pays 7% per year, compounded
monthly. The second pays 6.85% per year, compounded
continuously. Which is the better investment?
You Do Answer
• 1st Plan:
12(6)
 0.07 
A(6)  8000 1    $12,160.84
 12 
• 2nd Plan:

P(6)  8000e 0.0685(6)


 $12,066.60
Applied Example: Growth of Bacteria

 In a laboratory, the number of bacteria in a culture grows


according to
Q (t )  Q0e kt
where Q0 denotes the number of bacteria initially present
in the culture, k is a constant determined by the strain of
bacteria under consideration, and t is the elapsed time
measured in hours.
 Suppose 10,000 bacteria are present initially in the culture
and 60,000 present two hours later.
 How many bacteria will there be in the culture at the end
of four hours?
Applied Example: Growth of Bacteria
Solution
 We are given that Q(0) = Q0 = 10,000, so Q(t) = 10,000ekt.
 At t = 2 there are 60,000 bacteria, so Q(2) = 60,000, thus:
Q (t )  Q0ekt
60,000  10,000e2 k
e2 k  6
 Taking the natural logarithm on both sides we get:
ln e2 k  ln 6
2k  ln 6
k  0.8959
 So, the number of bacteria present at any time t is given by:
Q(t )  10,000e0.8959t
Applied Example: Growth of Bacteria
Solution
 At the end of four hours (t = 4), there will be
Q(4)  10,000e0.8959(4)
 360,029
or 360,029 bacteria.

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