Bahir Dar University Technology of Institute: School of Computing and Electrical Engineering
Bahir Dar University Technology of Institute: School of Computing and Electrical Engineering
Bahir Dar University Technology of Institute: School of Computing and Electrical Engineering
TECHNOLOGY OF INSTITUTE
LECTURE ON :- DC MACHINES 1
By Mezigebu.G
Out lines
Introduction
Construction
Armature reaction
Commutation
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DC MACHINES
4.1. INTRODUCTION
Dc machines are one part of electrical machines used for energy conversions systems.
it is versatile and extensively used in industry.
DC machines can work as generators and motors.
I. DC Generator
Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
diesel engine
AC motor
Means of supplying electrical power to industrial and domestic consumers
Presently all the land based electrical power networks are AC systems of generation, transmission and
distribution.
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Cont…
DC Generators are still being used to produce power in small back up and
stand by generating plants driven by wind mill and mountain streams (mini
hydro electric plants) to provide uninterrupted power supply
II. DC Motors
Convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
Used in :
Rolling mills in overhead cranes & for traction purposes, linked fork lift
trucks, electric vehicles and electric trains.
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Cont..
In portable machine tools supplied from batteries in automotive vehicles as
stator motors, blower motors and in many control applications as actuators
and as speed and position sensing devise ( taco generators for speed sensing
Advantages
5
Cont…
Disadvantages
The complexity of the construction, mainly due to the use of carbon brush
with comutater segments contact.
Arcing and sparking due to comutater segments that reduces the reliability
of the machine.
4.2. Construction
The basic parts of DC machines are:
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1. shaft
2. end-bearings
3. Commutator
4. brushes
5. armature
6. main-pole
7. main-pole field winding
8. frame
9. end-shield
10. ventilator
11. basement
12. bearings 8
Stator consists of
Stator Frame (name plate, terminal box, basement):
provides support for the machines, provides for the pole flux & carries half
of it.
Stator core ( yoke mechanical, support)
Stator pole
Field winding ( produce stator magnetic flux i.e. main flux)
Commutating poles( inter poles (improving commutation )), avoids spark
b/n brush & comutater
Compensating windings:- in large DC machines only, placed in the slots
connected in series with armature windings, cancels armature reaction and
flux weakening.
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Brush:- attached to stator end covers made up of Carbone, graphite & to
collect the current from the comutater
B. Rotor
The rotating part of the machine where electromechanical energy
conversion takes place.
It consists of :
Rotor core
Rotor shaft
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Cont…
Therefore, there will be an induced voltage in the coil side (conductor)
according to faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
𝑁𝑑ø
e= and known as induction by motion.
𝑑𝑡
Putting the fore finger, the thumb & the middle fingers of the right
hand mutually perpendicular and if the fore finger show the direction
of flux and the thumb shows the direction of speed then the middle
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finger will point at in the direction of the induced voltage. The
magnitude of induced voltage is proportional to ß, V & l (e=ßlVsinø)
The nature of emf induced in the DC machine is Alternative
A lap wound DC shunt generator having 80 slots with 10 conductors per slot
generates at no load an emf of 400 volt, when running at 1000 r.p.m.. at what
speed should be rotated to generate a voltage of 220 volt on open circuit.
The direction of the induced force is determined by the so called Fleming's left
hand rule which can be stated as follows.
Putting the thumb, the fore finger and the middle finger of our left hand to be
mutually perpendicular and if the fore finger shows the direction of flux and
the middle finger show the direction of current in the conductor, then the
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thumb will point out in the direction of induced force.
The magnitude of the induced force in the conductor is proportional to
Magnetic flux density, conductor current, effective length of conductor
F= BLI sinø
B= Magnetic flux
I= conductor current
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Equivalent circuit of DC machines
Equivalent circuit is the model of the given machines.
It is the circuit model of the actual electrical machine.
Equivalent circuit of DC generator
DC generators are dc machines used as generators. There is no real difference between a generator and a
motor except for the direction of power flow.
There are five major types of dc generators, classified according to the manner in which their field flux is
produced( Separately & self Excited)
I. Separately excited generator. In a separately excited generator, the field flux is derived from a
separate power source independent of the generator itself.
2. Shunt generator. In a shunt generator, the field flux is derived by connecting the field circuit directly
across the terminals of the generator.
3. Series generator. In a series generator, the field flux is produced by connecting the field circuit in
series with the armature of the generator.
2. Shunt DC Generator
A shunt dc generator is a dc generator that supplies its own field current by having its field connected directly across the
terminals of the machine. the armature current of the machine supplies both the field circuit and the load attached to the
machine:
•
•
•
•
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mmf I f N f
f (a)
Rm Rm
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Self excited
Their field and the armature windings are connected, according to the
field arrangement there are three types dc motors namely;
1. Series Wound
2. Shunt Wound
3. Compound Wound
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1. Series wound motor
A series motor is one in which the field winding is connected in
series with the armature so that the whole current drawn by the
motor passes through the field winding as well as armature.
The current supplied to the motor is divided into two paths, one
through the shunt field winding and second through the armature.
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3. Compound wound motor
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Examples 4.2
1). A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 rpm dc shunt motor with compensating
no-load speed of 1200 rpm. There are 1200 turns per pole on the
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(a) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A.
Solution
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the speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A.
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Induced electromagnetic torque equation of DC machines
Tconductor Fconductor r
Fconductor = conductor force
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• r = Armature distance( radius perpendicular)
Cont…
Fconductor I cond L
Tcond Fcond r LI cond r
Te Z LI cond r
Ia
I cond Ap
a Ap
Ia
Te Z L r
a Ap= surface area of cylinder over the pole face/pole
p
Ia 2 rL 2 rL
Te Zp r K a I a p
2 a 31
Example 4.3
A 220 V separately excited dc machine has an armature resistance of
0.5 Ω. If the full load armature current is 20 A. find the induced
armature emf when the machine is operated
i. as a generator
ii. as a motor
Solution
i. Ea= Vt+IaRa ii. Ea = Vt -IaRa
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4.4. Armature Reaction
The armature reaction has two bad effects on the distribution of the main
magnetic field.
For generator,
, Ea ,Vt , Po
For motor ,
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Tc Po ,
Cont…
2. Cross magnetizing effect :- it cross magnetizes (distorts)the distribution
of the main field flux (øf). This leads to the load commutation process. The
commutation process will takes place with sparking ( flash over) the so
called rotational fire.
So the armature reaction strengthens the main field flux at one pole and
weakness on the other pole end.
The reluctance pole tips can be increased by increasing the length of the air
gap which can be accomplished by using the so called chambered pole tips.
Lpoletips
R poletips R poletip a A.R
A
2. During the design of the machine
It could be seen in the design stage that the field mmf is sufficiently stronger
than in comparison with the armature mmf at full load condition.
this leads to less armature reaction.
mmf field mmf armature , I f N f Ia Na
If Nf
1
Ia Na
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3. Inter poles
The effect of armature reaction in the inter polar zone (commutating zone) can
be minimized by using inter poles which are placed exactly mid way between
the main poles.
Inter poles are narrow poles not to affect the main field flux.to avoid saturation
of the inter poles the air gap distance under them is made to be large.
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4. Compensating winding
The inter pole winding mmf is effective only in the commutating zone
in other words the A.R effect in the inter polar zone over come. This
means the flux will be weakening still there. To overcome this
problem compensating winding is applied located in the slots in the
pole faces.
A.R effect in the inter polar zone improves the commutation process.
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4.5. Commutation
When conductors come under the influence of south pole, from the influence
of north pole the direction of current flow in them is reversed. This reversal of
current in a coil will take place when the two comutater segment to which the
coil is connected are being short circuited by brush. The process of reversal
current in a coil is known as commutation. The main cause of sparking in
DC machine is the self induced emf in the coli which under goes in the
process of current reversal.
Methods of Improving Commutation
The two methods are,
1. Resistance Commutation:- Replacing low resistance copper
brush comparatively high
resistance carbon brush's
2. Emf commutation (reversing emf):-most effective by inter poles.
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Commutation
Armature Reaction are undesired effects in DC machines
4.6. Dc Motor Characteristics
The three Important characteristic curves of dc motors are:
1. Torque-Armature Current Characteristic:-
3. Speed-Torque Characteristic:-
a. Magnetic characteristic
In case of dc series motors the flux varies with the variation in line or
armature current as the field is in series with the armature. The flux
increase following a linear law with the increase in load current,
becomes maximum at saturation point and finally become constant.
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b. Torque-Armature Current Characteristics
Torque equation
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Cont…
Therefore,
For dc series motor, the flux per pole is directly proportional to Ia hence the torque
developed is directly proportion to the square of the armature current, i.e.
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Speed-Current Characteristic
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Figure Speed-Torque characteristics of dc series motor
Characteristics of Dc Shunt Motors
a). Speed-Current Characteristics
a)
From expression of speed N is directly proportional to back emf Eb or (V-IaRa)
and inversely proportional to the flux Ø. Since flux is considered to be constant
so with the increase in load current the speed slightly falls due to increase in
voltage drop in armature IaRa. Since voltage drop in armature at full-load is
very small as compared to applied voltage so drop in speed from no-load to
full-load is very small and for all practical purposes the shunt motor is taken as
a constant speed motor. Therefore, shunt motors being constant speed motors
are best suited for driving of line shafts, machine lathes, milling machines, 45
conveyors, fans and for all purposes where constant speed is required.
Torque- Current Characteristic
From the expression for the torque of a dc motor, torque is directly
proportional to the product of flux and armature current. Since in case of
dc shunt motors the flux is constant therefore torque increase with the
increase in load current following linear law i.e. torque-armature current
characteristics is a straight line passing through origin.
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Speed-Torque Characteristic
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Characteristics of Compound Would Motor
I. Cumulative compound wound motor
As the load is increased, the flux due to series field winding increase and
causes the torque greater than it would have with shunt field winding alone
for a given machine and for given current. The increase in flux due to series
field winding on account of increase in load cause the speed to fall more
rapidly than it would have done in shunt motor. The cumulative compound
motor develops a high torque with increase of load. It also has a definite
speed of no load, so does not run away when the load is removed .
Cumulative compound wound motors are used in driving machines which
subject to sudden applications of heavy loads, such as occur in rolling mills,
shears or punches.
This type of motor is used also where a large starting torque is regard but 48
series motor cannot be used conveniently such as in cranes and elevator.
ii. Differential compound wound motor
Since the flux decrease with the increase in load, so the speed remains nearly constant
as the load is increased and in some cases the speed will increase even. The decrease in
flux with the increase in load causes the torque to be less than that of a shunt motor.
The characteristics are similar to those of a shunt motor. Since the shunt motor
develops a good torque and almost constant speed, therefore differential compound
motor is seldom used. The characteristics are shown in Figure 1 and 2.
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Example 4.5
A 4-pole dc shunt generator with lap-connected armature supplies a
load of 100 A at 200 V. The armature resistance is 0.1Ω and the shunt
field resistance is 80 Ω. Find
(i) total armature current,
(ii) current per armature path,
(iii) emf generated. Assume a brush contact drop of 2V.
Solution
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Exercise
1. A 4 pole 500 V shunt motor takes 7A on no load, the no load
speed of the motor if it takes 122A at full load. Armature
resistance is 0.2Ω, contact drop/brush is 1V, Armature
reaction weakness the field by 40% on full load. Find the
full load speed of the motor.
2. A 250 V dc shunt motor draws 5A from the line on no load
and runs at 1000r.p.m. the armature resistance and shunt
field resistance are 0.2 Ω and 250 Ω respectively. What will
be the speed of the motor when it is loaded and talk
current of 50A. (Armature reaction weakness the field by 54
3%).
The End