Chapter7 ApplicationLayer

The Application Layer
Chapter 7
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
DNS – The Domain Name System
• The DNS name space

• Domain Resource records
• Name servers
The DNS Name Space (1)
A portion of the Internet domain name space.
The DNS Name Space (2)
Generic top-level domains

Domain Resource Records (1)
The principal DNS resource record types
Domain Resource Records (2)
A portion of a possible DNS database for cs.vu.nl.
Name Servers (1)
Part of the DNS name space divided into zones

(which are circled).
Name Servers (2)
Example of a resolver looking up a remote name in 10 steps.
Electronic Mail
• Architecture and services

• The user agent
• Message formats
• Message transfer
• Final delivery
Architecture and Services (1)
Architecture of the email system
Architecture and Services (2)
Envelopes and messages. (a) Paper mail. (b) Electronic mail.
The User Agent
Typical elements of the user agent interface

Message Formats (1)
RFC 5322 header fields related to message transport.
Message Formats (2)
Some fields used in the RFC 5322 message header.
Message Formats (3)
Message headers added by MIME.
Message Formats (4)
MIME content types and example subtypes.
Message Transfer (1)
...
A multipart message containing HTML and audio alternatives.
...
A multipart message containing HTML and audio alternatives.
...
Sending a message from [email protected] to
[email protected].
...
Sending a message from [email protected] to

[email protected].
Some SMTP extensions.
Final Delivery (1)
...
IMAP (version 4) commands.
... Final Delivery (2)
IMAP (version 4) commands.

The World Wide Web
• Architectural overview
• Static web pages
• Dynamic web pages, web applications
• The hypertext transfer protocol
• The mobile web
• Web search
Architectural Overview (1)
Architecture of the Web.

Three questions had to be answered

before a selected page could be displayed:
1. What is the page called?
2. Where is the page located?
3. How can the page be accessed?
Steps that occur when link is selected:
1. Browser determines the URL
2. Browser asks DNS for the IP address of the server
3. DNS replies
4. The browser makes a TCP connection
5. Sends HTTP request for the page
6. Server sends the page as HTTP response
7. Browser fetches other URLs as needed
8. The browser displays the page
9. The TCP connections are released
Some common URL schemes.
(a) A browser plug-in. (b) A helper application.
Steps server performs in main loop

1. Accept a TCP connection from client
2. Get path to page, name of file requested.
3. Get the file (from disk).
4. Send contents of the file to the client.
5. Release the TCP connection.
A multithreaded Web server with a front end

and processing modules.
A processing module performs a series of steps:
1. Resolve name of Web page requested.

2. Perform access control on the Web page.
3. Check the cache.
4. Fetch requested page from disk or run program
5. Determine the rest of the response
6. Return the response to the client.
7. Make an entry in the server log.
Some examples of cookies
Static Web Pages (1)
The HTML for a sample Web page.
The formatted page.
Some differences between HTML versions.

The HTML for an order form.
The formatted page.
Dynamic Web Pages, Web Applications (1)
Dynamic pages
(a)
(c)
(b)
(a) A Web page containing a form. (b) A PHP script for handling
the output of the form. (c) Output from the PHP script when the
inputs are ‘‘Barbara’’ and ‘‘32’’, respectively.
Use of JavaScript for processing a form.

(a) Server-side scripting with PHP.

(b) Client-side scripting withJavaScript.
AJAX Technologies
1. HTML and CSS: present information as pages.

2. DOM: change parts of pages while they are viewed.
3. XML: let programs exchange data with the server.
4. An asynchronous way to send and retrieve XML data.
5. JavaScript as a language to bind all this together.
The DOM tree for the HTML in Fig. 7-30(a).
A simple XML document.
Various technologies used to generate dynamic pages.
The HyperText Transfer Protocol (1)
HTTP with (a) multiple connections and sequential requests.

(b) A persistent connection and sequential requests.
(c) A persistent connection and pipelined requests.
The built-in HTTP request methods.
The status code response groups
...
Some HTTP message headers.
...
Some HTTP message headers.
HTTP caching.
The Mobile Web (1)
Difficulties for mobile phones browsing the web

1. Relatively small screens
2. Limited input capabilities, lengthy input.
3. Network bandwidth is limited
4. Connectivity may be intermittent.
5. Computing power is limited
Real-Time Conferencing (4)
SIP methods.
Use of a proxy server and redirection with SIP.
Comparison of H.323 and SIP.

Content Delivery
• Content and internet traffic

• Server farms and web proxies
• Content delivery networks
• Peer-to-peer networks
Content and Internet Traffic
Zipf distribution (a) On a linear scale. (b) On a log-log scale.
Server Farms and Web Proxies (1)
A server farm.
Server Farms and Web Proxies (2)
A proxy cache between Web browsers and Web servers.
Content Delivery Networks (1)
CDN distribution tree.
Directing clients to nearby CDN nodes using DNS.
(a) Original Web page. (b) Same page after linking to the CDN
Peer-to-Peer Networks (1)
Problems to be solved with BitTorrent sharing
1. How does a peer find other peers

2. How is content replicated by peers to
provide high-speed downloads
3. How do peers encourage each other to
upload content to others
BitTorrent.
(a) A set of 32 node identifiers arranged in a circle. The shaded

ones correspond to actual machines. The arcs show the
fingers from nodes 1, 4 and 12. The labels on the arcs are the
table indices. (b) Examples of the finger tables.
End
Chapter 7

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The Application Layer

• The DNS name space

A portion of the Internet domain name space.

Generic top-level domains

The principal DNS resource record types

A portion of a possible DNS database for cs.vu.nl.

Part of the DNS name space divided into zones

Example of a resolver looking up a remote name in 10 steps.

• Architecture and services

Architecture of the email system

Envelopes and messages. (a) Paper mail. (b) Electronic mail.

Typical elements of the user agent interface

RFC 5322 header fields related to message transport.

Some fields used in the RFC 5322 message header.

Message headers added by MIME.

MIME content types and example subtypes.

A multipart message containing HTML and audio alternatives.

A multipart message containing HTML and audio alternatives.

Sending a message from [email protected] to

Some SMTP extensions.

IMAP (version 4) commands.

Architecture of the Web.

Three questions had to be answered

Some common URL schemes.

(a) A browser plug-in. (b) A helper application.

Steps server performs in main loop

A multithreaded Web server with a front end

1. Resolve name of Web page requested.

Some examples of cookies

The HTML for a sample Web page.

The formatted page.

Some differences between HTML versions.

The HTML for an order form.

The formatted page.

Use of JavaScript for processing a form.

(a) Server-side scripting with PHP.

1. HTML and CSS: present information as pages.

The DOM tree for the HTML in Fig. 7-30(a).

A simple XML document.

Various technologies used to generate dynamic pages.

HTTP with (a) multiple connections and sequential requests.

The built-in HTTP request methods.

The status code response groups

Some HTTP message headers.

Difficulties for mobile phones browsing the web

Use of a proxy server and redirection with SIP.

Comparison of H.323 and SIP.

• Content and internet traffic

Zipf distribution (a) On a linear scale. (b) On a log-log scale.

A proxy cache between Web browsers and Web servers.

CDN distribution tree.

Directing clients to nearby CDN nodes using DNS.

Problems to be solved with BitTorrent sharing

1. How does a peer find other peers

(a) A set of 32 node identifiers arranged in a circle. The shaded

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