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21 Trigonometry

Trigonometry deals with relationships between the sides and angles of triangles. The three main trigonometric functions are sine, cosine, and tangent, which relate the lengths of opposite, adjacent, and hypotenuse sides to a given angle in a right triangle. The Pythagorean theorem states that the sum of the squares of the two shortest sides equals the square of the longest side. Ratios of side lengths do not depend on the triangle's size, allowing trig functions to be used for any right triangle. Java's Math class contains methods for calculating trig functions in radians. Memorizing mnemonics can help recall the definitions of sine, cosine, and tangent.

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154 views13 pages

21 Trigonometry

Trigonometry deals with relationships between the sides and angles of triangles. The three main trigonometric functions are sine, cosine, and tangent, which relate the lengths of opposite, adjacent, and hypotenuse sides to a given angle in a right triangle. The Pythagorean theorem states that the sum of the squares of the two shortest sides equals the square of the longest side. Ratios of side lengths do not depend on the triangle's size, allowing trig functions to be used for any right triangle. Java's Math class contains methods for calculating trig functions in radians. Memorizing mnemonics can help recall the definitions of sine, cosine, and tangent.

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Trigonometry

12-Sep-19
Instant Trig
 Trigonometry is math, so many people find it scary
 It’s usually taught in a one-semester high-school course
 However, 95% of all the “trig” you’ll ever need to know
can be covered in 15 minutes
 And that’s what we’re going to do now
Angles add to 180°
 The angles of a triangle always add up to 180°

20°
44°

30°
68° 68° 120°

20°
44°
30°
68°
+ 130°
+ 68°
180°
180°
Right triangles
 We only care about right triangles
 A right triangle is one in which one of the angles is 90°
 Here’s a right triangle:
Here’s the angle
we are looking at
Here’s the
opposite

right angle

adjacent

 We call the longest side the hypotenuse


 We pick one of the other angles--not the right angle
 We name the other two sides relative to that angle
The Pythagorean Theorem
 If you square the length of the
two shorter sides and add
them, you get the square of the
length of the hypotenuse

 adj2 + opp2 = hyp2

 32 + 42 = 52, or 9 + 16 = 25

 hyp = sqrt(adj2 + opp2)


 5 = sqrt(9 + 16)
5-12-13
 There are few triangles with
integer sides that satisfy the
Pythagorean formula
 3-4-5 and its
multiples (6-8-10, etc.) opp
are the best known adj
 5-12-13 and its multiples
form another set

 25 + 144 = 169
Ratios
 Since a triangle has three

opposite
sides, there are six ways to
divide the lengths of the sides
 Each of these six ratios has a adjacent
name (and an abbreviation)
 Three ratios are most used:  The ratios depend on the
 sine = sin = opp / hyp shape of the triangle (the
 cosine = cos = adj / hyp angles) but not on the size
 tangent = tan = opp / adj
opposite
 The other three ratios are
redundant with these and can
adjacent
be ignored
Using the ratios
 With these functions, if you know an angle (in addition to the
right angle) and the length of a side, you can compute all other
angles and lengths of sides

opposite
adjacent

 If you know the angle marked in red (call it A) and you know
the length of the adjacent side, then
 tan A = opp / adj, so length of opposite side is given by
opp = adj * tan A
 cos A = adj / hyp, so length of hypotenuse is given by
hyp = adj / cos A
Java methods in java.lang.Math
 public static double sin(double a)
 If a is zero, the result is zero
 public static double cos(double a)
 public static double sin(double a)
 If a is zero, the result is zero

 However: The angle a must be measured in radians


 Fortunately, Java has these additional methods:
 public static double toRadians(double degrees)
 public static double toDegrees(double radians)
The hard part
 If you understood this lecture, you’re in great shape for
doing all kinds of things with basic graphics
 Here’s the part I’ve always found the hardest:
 Memorizing the names of the ratios

sin = opp / hyp

opposite

 cos = adj / hyp


 tan = opp / adj adjacent
Mnemonics from wikiquote
 The formulas for right-triangle trigonometric functions
are:
 Sine = Opposite / Hypotenuse
 Cosine = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
 Tangent = Opposite / Adjacent
 Mnemonics for those formulas are:
 Some Old Horse Caught Another Horse Taking Oats Away
 Saints On High Can Always Have Tea Or Alcohol
Drawing a “Turtle”

You want to move h units in the


angle  direction, to (x1, y1):

hyp
opp

You are at: (x, y) adj

So you make a right triangle...


And you label it...
And you compute:
x1 = x + adj = x + hyp * (adj/hyp) = x + hyp * cos 
y1 = y - opp = y - hyp * (opp/hyp) = y - hyp * sin 
This is the first point in your “Turtle” triangle
Find the other points similarly...
The End

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