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ICS103: Programming in C: 5: Repetition and Loop Statements

This document discusses repetition and loop statements in C programming. It covers counting loops, the while, for, and do-while loop structures. It describes nested loops, conditional loops controlled by sentinels, detecting faulty input, and debugging loops. The key loop concepts of initialization, condition testing, and updating are explained.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views38 pages

ICS103: Programming in C: 5: Repetition and Loop Statements

This document discusses repetition and loop statements in C programming. It covers counting loops, the while, for, and do-while loop structures. It describes nested loops, conditional loops controlled by sentinels, detecting faulty input, and debugging loops. The key loop concepts of initialization, condition testing, and updating are explained.

Uploaded by

darwinvargas2011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ICS103: Programming in C

5: Repetition and Loop Statements

Muhamed F. Mudawar
OUTLINE
 Repetition in Programs
 Counting loops
 The while statement
 The for statement
 Conditional Loops
 Nested Loops
 The do-while statement
 How to debug and test programs
 Common Programming Errors 2
RECALL: CONTROL STRUCTURES
 Three kinds of control structures
 Sequence (Compound Statement)
 Selection (if and switch Statements)
 Repetition (discussed in this presentation)
 The repetition of steps in a program is called a loop
 Three loop control structures in C
 The while statement
 The for statement
3
 The do-while statement
REPETITION IN PROGRAMS
 Loop structure
 A control structure that repeats a group of steps in a program
 Loop body
 The statements that are repeated inside the loop
 Three questions to raise:
1. Are there any steps repeated in the problem?
2. If the answer to question 1 is yes, is the number of repetitions
know in advance?
3. If the answer to question 2 is no, then how long to keep
4
repeating the steps?
FLOWCHART OF LOOP CHOICE

5
COUNTING LOOP
 Called a Counter-controlled loop
A loop that can be controlled by a counter variable
 Number of iterations (repetitions) can be determined
before loop execution begins
 General format of a counting loop:
Set loop control variable to an initial value
while (loop control variable < final value) {
/* Do something multiple times */
Increase loop control variable by 1 6

}
THE while STATEMENT
 Syntax: Loop Repetition Condition
while (condition) {
statement1 ;
statement2 ; Loop Body:
Can be one statement, or
. . .
Compound statement
statementN ;
}
 As long as condition is true, the loop body is executed
 The condition is re-tested after each iteration
7
 The loop terminates when condition becomes false
EXAMPLE OF A while LOOP
 Compute and display the gross pay for 7 employees
 Initialization: count_emp = 0;
 Testing: (count_emp < 7)
 Updating: count_emp = count_emp + 1;

8
FLOWCHART OF A while LOOP

Loop repetition condition

Loop body

If count_emp is not updated,


the loop will execute forever. 9
Such a loop is called infinite loop.
Total Payroll of a Company

10
Enter number of employees> 3
Hours> 50
Rate> $5.25
Pay is $262.50

Hours> 6
SAMPLE
Rate> $5.0
Pay is $ 30.00 RUN
Hours> 15
Rate> $7.0
Pay is $105.00

All employees processed


Total payroll is $ 397.50 11
NEXT . . .
 Repetition in Programs
 Counting loops
 The while statement
 The for statement
 Conditional Loops
 Nested Loops
 The do-while statement
 How to debug and test programs
 Common Programming Errors 12
THE for STATEMENT
 Better way to write a counting loop
for (initialization expression;
loop repetition condition;
update expression)
Statement ; /* Can be Compound */
 First, the initialization expression is executed
 Then, the loop repetition condition is tested
 If true, the Statement is executed , the update expression is
computed, and the repetition condition is re-tested
13
 Repeat as long as the repetition condition is true
ACCUMULATING A SUM: total_pay

/* initialization */
/* repetition condition */
/* update */

14
COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
variable op= expression ; is equivalent to
variable = variable op (expression) ;
Statement with Simple Equivalent with Compound
Assignment Operator Assignment Operator
count_emp = count_emp + 1; count_emp += 1;

time = time - 1; time -= 1;

product = product * item; product *= item;

total = total / number; total /= number;

n = n % (x+1); n %= x+1; 15
PREFIX AND POSTFIX INCREMENTS

C also provides the decrement operator -- that can be


16
used in either the prefix or postfix position
COMPUTING THE FACTORIAL
// Factorial: n! = n * (n-1) * . . . * 2 * 1
// Computed with a for-loop

printf("Enter value of n: ");


scanf("%d", &n);

factorial = 1; // Initialize
for (i=n; i>1; i--) {
factorial = factorial * i;
17
}
CONVERSION OF
CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT
Display a Table of Values

Decrement by 5

18
NEXT . . .
 Repetition in Programs
 Counting loops
 The while statement
 The for statement
 Conditional Loops
 Nested Loops
 The do-while statement
 How to debug and test programs
 Common Programming Errors 19
CONDITIONAL LOOPS
 Notable to determine the exact number of loop
repetitions before loop execution begins
 Example of a conditional loop: input validation
printf("Enter number of students> ");
scanf("%d", &num_students);
while (num_students < 0) {
printf("Invalid negative number; try again> ");
scanf("%d", &num_students);
}
20
 while loop rejects invalid (negative) input
SENTINEL-CONTROLLED LOOPS
 In many programs, we input a list of data values
 Often, we don’t know the length of the list
 We ask the user to enter a unique data value, called a
sentinel value, after the last data item
 Sentinel Value
 An end marker that follows the last value in a list of data
 For readability, we used #define to name the SENTINEL
 The loop repetition condition terminates a loop when the
21
sentinel value is read
SENTINEL-CONTROLLED while LOOP
#include <stdio.h>
#define SENTINEL -1 /* Marking end of input */

int main(void) { /* Compute the sum of test scores */


int sum = 0; /* Sum of test scores */
int score; /* Current input score */

printf("Enter first score (%d to quit)> ", SENTINEL);


scanf("%d", &score);
while (score != SENTINEL) {
sum += score;
printf("Enter next score (%d to quit)> ", SENTINEL);
scanf("%d", &score);
}
printf("\nSum of exam scores is %d\n", sum);
return (0); 22

}
SENTINEL-CONTROLLED for LOOP
#include <stdio.h>
#define SENTINEL -1 /* Marking end of input */

int main(void) { /* Compute the sum of test scores */


int sum = 0; /* Sum of test scores */
int score; /* Current input score */

printf("Enter first score (%d to quit)> ", SENTINEL);


for (scanf("%d", &score);
score != SENTINEL;
scanf("%d", &score)) {
sum += score;
printf("Enter next score (%d to quit)> ", SENTINEL);
}
printf("\nSum of exam scores is %d\n", sum);
return (0); 23

}
INFINITE LOOP ON FAULTY INPUT DATA
 Reading faulty data can result in an infinite loop
scanf("%d", &score); /* read integer */
 Suppose the user enters the letter X
Enter next score (-1 to quit)> X
scanf fails to read variable score as letter X
 Variable score is not modified in the program
score != SENTINEL is always true
 Therefore, Infinite Loop 24
DETECTING FAULTY INPUT DATA
 scanf can detect faulty input as follows:
status = scanf("%d", &score);
 If scanf successfully reads score then status is 1
 If scanf fails to read score then status is 0
 We can test status to detect faulty input
 This can be used to terminate the execution of a loop
 In general, scanf can read multiple variables
 It returns the number of successfully read inputs 25
TERMINATING LOOP ON FAULTY INPUT
int main(void) { /* Compute the sum of test scores */
int sum = 0; /* Sum of test scores */
int score; /* Current input score */
int status; /* Input status of scanf */

printf("Enter first score (%d to quit)> ", SENTINEL);


status = scanf("%d", &score);
while (status != 0 && score != SENTINEL) {
sum += score;
printf("Enter next score (%d to quit)> ", SENTINEL);
status = scanf("%d", &score);
}
printf("\nSum of exam scores is %d\n", sum);
return (0); 26

}
NEXT . . .
 Repetition in Programs
 Counting loops
 The while statement
 The for statement
 Conditional Loops
 Nested Loops
 The do-while statement
 How to debug and test programs
 Common Programming Errors 27
NESTED LOOPS
 Consist of an outer loop with one or more inner loops
 Each time the outer loop is repeated, the inner loops are
reentered and executed
 Example:

int n = 5; *
int i, j; **
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
***
for (j=1; j<=i; j++) {
outer loop
inner loop

printf("*"); ****
} *****
printf("\n"); 28
}
WHAT IS THE OUTPUT?
/* Illustrates nested for loops */
#include <stdio.h>
I J
int main(void) { Outer 1
int i, j; /* loop variables */ Inner 0
printf(" I J\n"); Outer 2
for (i = 1; i < 4; i++) { Inner 0
printf("Outer %6d\n", i); Inner 1
for (j = 0; j < i; j++) { Outer 3
printf(" Inner%9d\n", j); Inner 0
} /* end of inner loop */
Inner 1
} /* end of outer loop */
Inner 2
return (0);
29
}
THE do-while STATEMENT
 The for and while statements evaluate the loop
condition before the execution of the loop body
 The do-while statement evaluates the loop condition
after the execution of the loop body
 Syntax:

do
statement; /* Can be compound */
while (loop repetition condition) ;
30
 The do-while must execute at least one time
USING do-while TO REPEAT PROGRAM
int main() {
. . . /* Variable Declarations */
char ch; /* User response [y/n] */

do {
. . . /* Execute program */
printf("Repeat again [y/n]? ");
ch = getch(); /* read from keyboard */
printf("%c\n", ch); /* display character */
} while (ch=='y'|| ch=='Y');
31
}
NEXT . . .
 Repetition in Programs
 Counting loops
 The while statement
 The for statement
 Conditional Loops
 Nested Loops
 The do-while statement
 How to debug and test programs
 Common Programming Errors 32
HOW TO DEBUG AND TEST A PROGRAM
 Using a debugger program
 Debug option should be selected
 Execute program one statement at a time (Next line)
 Watch the value of variables at runtime (Add watch)
 Set breakpoints at selected statements
 Debugging without a debugger
 Insert extra printf statements that display intermediate results at
critical points in your program
if (DEBUG) printf(. . .);
 Turn ON diagnostic calls to printf
33
#define DEBUG 1
EXAMPLE: DEBUGGING USING printf
#define DEBUG 1 /* turn on diagnostics */
#define DEBUG 0 /* turn off diagnostics */

int main() {
int score, sum=0;
printf("Enter first score (%d to quit)> ", SENTINEL);
scanf("%d", &score); /* get first score */
while (score != SENTINEL) {
sum += score;
if (DEBUG) printf("score=%d, sum=%d\n", score, sum);
printf("Enter next score (%d to quit)> ", SENTINEL);
scanf("%d", &score); /* get next score */
}
printf("Total score is %d\n", sum);
return 0; 34

}
OFF-BY-ONE LOOP ERRORS
A common logic error
A loop executes one more time or one less time
 Example:

for (count = 0; count <= n; ++count)


sum += count; Executes n + 1 times

for (count = 1; count < n; ++count)


sum += count; Executes n – 1 times
 Checking loop boundaries
 Initial and final values of the loop control variable 35
COMMON PROGRAMMING ERRORS (1/2)
 Do not confuse if and while statements
 if statement implements a decision step
 while statement implements a loop
 for loop: remember to end the initialization step and
the loop repetition condition with semicolon (;)
 Remember to use braces { and } around a loop body
consisting of multiple statements
 Remember to provide a prompt for the user, when using
a sentinel-controlled loop
 Make sure the sentinel value cannot be confused with a
normal data input 36
COMMON PROGRAMMING ERRORS (2/2)
 Usedo-while only when there is no possibility of zero
loop iterations
 Donot use increment, decrement, or compound
assignment as sub-expressions in complex expressions
a *= b + c; /* a = a*(b+c); */
There is no shorter way to write: a = a*b + c;
 Be
sure that the operand of an increment/decrement
operator is a variable:
z = ++j * k--; /* ++j; z=j*k; k--; */ 37
CHAPTER REVIEW
 Two kinds of loops occur frequently in programming
 Counting loop: controlled by a counter
 Conditional loop: controlled by a condition
 Sentinel-controlled loop
 Input validation loop
 General conditional loop
C provides three statements for implementing loops
 while statement (can have zero repetitions)
 for statement (can have zero repetitions)
38
 do-while statement (must execute at least once)

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