Functions

Outline
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Program Modules in C
5.3 Math Library Functions
5.4 Functions
5.5 Function Definitions
5.6 Function Prototypes
5.7 Header Files
5.8 Calling Functions: Call by Value and Call by Reference
5.9 Random Number Generation
5.10 Example: A Game of Chance
5.11 Storage Classes
5.12 Scope Rules
5.13 Recursion
5.14 Example Using Recursion: The Fibonacci Series
5.15 Recursion vs. Iteration
 5.1 Introduction
• Divide and conquer
– Construct a program from smaller pieces or components
• These smaller pieces are called modules
– Each piece more manageable than the original program
 5.2 Program Modules in C
• Functions
– Modules in C
– Programs combine user-defined functions with library functions
• C standard library has a wide variety of functions
• Function calls
– Invoking functions
• Provide function name and arguments (data)
• Function performs operations or manipulations
• Function returns results
– Function call analogy:
• Boss asks worker to complete task
– Worker gets information, does task, returns result
– Information hiding: boss does not know details
 5.3 Math Library Functions
• Math library functions
– perform common mathematical calculations
– #include <math.h>
• Format for calling functions
– FunctionName( argument );
• If multiple arguments, use comma-separated list
– printf( "%.2f", sqrt( 900.0 ) );
• Calls function sqrt, which returns the square root of its
argument
• All math functions return data type double
– Arguments may be constants, variables, or expressions
 5.4 Functions
• Functions
– Modularize a program
– All variables declared inside functions are local variables
• Known only in function defined
– Parameters
• Communicate information between functions
• Local variables
• Benefits of functions
– Divide and conquer
• Manageable program development
– Software reusability
• Use existing functions as building blocks for new programs
• Abstraction - hide internal details (library functions)
– Avoid code repetition
 5.5 Function Definitions
• Function definition format
return-value-type function-name( parameter-list )
{
declarations and statements
}
– Function-name: any valid identifier
– Return-value-type: data type of the result (default int)
• void – indicates that the function returns nothing
– Parameter-list: comma separated list, declares parameters
• A type must be listed explicitly for each parameter unless, the
parameter is of type int
 5.5 Function Definitions
• Function definition format (continued)
return-value-type function-name( parameter-list )
{
declarations and statements
}
– Declarations and statements: function body (block)
• Variables can be declared inside blocks (can be nested)
• Functions can not be defined inside other functions
– Returning control
• If nothing returned
– return;
– or, until reaches right brace
• If something returned
– return expression;
 1 /* Fig. 5.4: fig05_04.c
2 Finding the maximum of three integers */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int maximum( int, int, int ); /* function prototype */ 1.  Function prototype 
6 (3 parameters)
7 int main()
8 {
9 int a, b, c; 2.  Input values
10
11 printf( "Enter three integers: " );
12 scanf( "%d%d%d", &a, &b, &c ); 2.1  Call function
13 printf( "Maximum is: %d\n", maximum( a, b, c ) );
14
15 return 0; 3. Function definition
16 }
17
18 /* Function maximum definition */
19 int maximum( int x, int y, int z )
20 {
21 int max = x;
22
23 if ( y > max )
24 max = y;
25
26 if ( z > max )
27 max = z;
28
29 return max;
30 }
Enter three integers: 22 85 17
Maximum is: 85
Program Output
 5.6 Function Prototypes
• Function prototype
– Function name
– Parameters – what the function takes in
– Return type – data type function returns (default int)
– Used to validate functions
– Prototype only needed if function definition comes after use
in program
– The function with the prototype
int maximum( int, int, int );
• Takes in 3 ints
• Returns an int
• Promotion rules and conversions
– Converting to lower types can lead to errors
 5.7 Header Files
• Header files
– Contain function prototypes for library functions
– <stdlib.h> , <math.h> , etc
– Load with #include <filename>
#include <math.h>
• Custom header files
– Create file with functions
– Save as filename.h
– Load in other files with #include "filename.h"
– Reuse functions
 5.8 Calling Functions: Call by Value and 
Call by Reference
• Used when invoking functions
• Call by value
– Copy of argument passed to function
– Changes in function do not effect original
– Use when function does not need to modify argument
• Avoids accidental changes
• Call by reference
– Passes original argument
– Changes in function effect original
– Only used with trusted functions
• For now, we focus on call by value
 5.9 Random Number Generation
• rand function
– Load <stdlib.h>
– Returns "random" number between 0 and RAND_MAX (at
least 32767)
i = rand();
– Pseudorandom
• Preset sequence of "random" numbers
• Same sequence for every function call
• Scaling
– To get a random number between 1 and n
1 + ( rand() % n )
• rand() % n returns a number between 0 and n - 1
• Add 1 to make random number between 1 and n
1 + ( rand() % 6)
– number between 1 and 6
 5.9 Random Number Generation
• srand function
– <stdlib.h>
– Takes an integer seed and jumps to that location in its
"random" sequence
srand( seed );
– srand( time( NULL ) ); //load <time.h>
• time( NULL )
– Returns the time at which the program was compiled in
seconds
– “Randomizes" the seed
1 /* Fig. 5.9: fig05_09.c
2 Randomizing die-rolling program */
3 #include <stdlib.h>
4 #include <stdio.h> 1.  Initialize seed
5
6 int main() 2.  Input value for seed
7 {
8 int i; 2.1  Use srand to 
9 unsigned seed; change random 
10
sequence
11 printf( "Enter seed: " );
12 scanf( "%u", &seed ); 2.2  Define Loop 
13 srand( seed );
14 3.  Generate and 
15 for ( i = 1; i <= 10; i++ ) {
output random 
numbers 
16 printf( "%10d", 1 + ( rand() % 6 ) );
17
18 if ( i % 5 == 0 )
19 printf( "\n" );
20 }
21
22 return 0;
23 }
Enter seed: 67
6 1 4 6 2
1 6 1 6 4
Program Output
Enter seed: 867
2 4 6 1 6
1 1 3 6 2

Enter seed: 67
6 1 4 6 2
1 6 1 6 4
 5.10 Example: A Game of Chance
• Craps simulator
• Rules
– Roll two dice
• 7 or 11 on first throw, player wins
• 2, 3, or 12 on first throw, player loses
• 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 - value becomes player's "point"
– Player must roll his point before rolling 7 to win
 1 /* Fig. 5.10: fig05_10.c
2 Craps */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4 #include <stdlib.h>
5 #include <time.h> 1.  rollDice 
6 prototype
7 int rollDice( void );
8
1.1  Initialize variables
9 int main()
10 {
11 int gameStatus, sum, myPoint; 1.2  Seed srand
12
13 srand( time( NULL ) );
14 sum = rollDice(); /* first roll of the dice */ 2.  Define switch 
15 statement for 
16 switch ( sum ) { win/loss/continue
17 case 7: case 11: /* win on first roll */
18 gameStatus = 1;
19 break; 2.1 Loop
20 case 2: case 3: case 12: /* lose on first roll */
21 gameStatus = 2;
22 break;
23 default: /* remember point */
24 gameStatus = 0;
25 myPoint = sum;
26 printf( "Point is %d\n", myPoint );
27 break;
28 }
29
30 while ( gameStatus == 0 ) { /* keep rolling */
31 sum = rollDice();
32
33 if ( sum == myPoint ) /* win by making point */
34 gameStatus = 1;
35 else
36 if ( sum == 7 ) /* lose by rolling 7 */
2.2  Print win/loss
37 gameStatus = 2;
38 }
39
40 if ( gameStatus == 1 )
41 printf( "Player wins\n" );
42 else
43 printf( "Player loses\n" );
44
45 return 0;
46 }
47
48 int rollDice( void )
49 {
50 int die1, die2, workSum;
51
52 die1 = 1 + ( rand() % 6 );
53 die2 = 1 + ( rand() % 6 );
54 workSum = die1 + die2;
55 printf( "Player rolled %d + %d = %d\n", die1, die2, workSum );
56 return workSum;
57 }
Player rolled 6 + 5 = 11
Player wins Program Output
Player rolled 6 + 6 = 12
Player loses

Player rolled 4 + 6 = 10
Point is 10 Program Output
Player rolled 2 + 4 = 6
Player rolled 6 + 5 = 11
Player rolled 3 + 3 = 6
Player rolled 6 + 4 = 10
Player wins

Player rolled 1 + 3 = 4
Point is 4
Player rolled 1 + 4 = 5
Player rolled 5 + 4 = 9
Player rolled 4 + 6 = 10
Player rolled 6 + 3 = 9
Player rolled 1 + 2 = 3
Player rolled 5 + 2 = 7
Player loses
 5.11 Storage Classes
• Storage class specifiers
– Storage duration – how long an object exists in memory
– Scope – where object can be referenced in program
– Linkage – specifies the files in which an identifier is known
(more in Chapter 14)
• Automatic storage
– Object created and destroyed within its block
– auto: default for local variables
auto double x, y;
– register: tries to put variable into high-speed registers
• Can only be used for automatic variables
register int counter = 1;
 5.11 Storage Classes
• Static storage
– Variables exist for entire program execution
– Default value of zero
– static: local variables defined in functions.
• Keep value after function ends
• Only known in their own function
– extern: default for global variables and functions
• Known in any function
 5.12 Scope Rules
• File scope
– Identifier defined outside function, known in all functions
– Used for global variables, function definitions, function
prototypes
• Function scope
– Can only be referenced inside a function body
– Used only for labels (start:, case: , etc.)
 5.12 Scope Rules
• Block scope
– Identifier declared inside a block
• Block scope begins at declaration, ends at right brace
– Used for variables, function parameters (local variables of
function)
– Outer blocks "hidden" from inner blocks if there is a variable
with the same name in the inner block
• Function prototype scope
– Used for identifiers in parameter list
 1 /* Fig. 5.12: fig05_12.c
2 A scoping example */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 void a( void ); /* function prototype */ 1.  Function prototypes
6 void b( void ); /* function prototype */
7 void c( void ); /* function prototype */ 1.1  Initialize global 
8
variable
9 int x = 1; /* global variable */
10
11 int main() 1.2  Initialize local 
12 { variable
13 int x = 5; /* local variable to main */
14
15 printf("local x in outer scope of main is %d\n", x ); 1.3  Initialize local 
16 variable in block
17 { /* start new scope */
18 int x = 7;
19
2.  Call functions
20 printf( "local x in inner scope of main is %d\n", x );
21 } /* end new scope */ 3.  Output results
22
23 printf( "local x in outer scope of main is %d\n", x );
24
25 a(); /* a has automatic local x */
26 b(); /* b has static local x */
27 c(); /* c uses global x */
28 a(); /* a reinitializes automatic local x */
29 b(); /* static local x retains its previous value */
30 c(); /* global x also retains its value */
31
32 printf( "local x in main is %d\n", x );
33 return 0;
34 }
3.1 Function definitions
35
36 void a( void )
37 {
38 int x = 25; /* initialized each time a is called */
39
40 printf( "\nlocal x in a is %d after entering a\n", x );
41 ++x;
42 printf( "local x in a is %d before exiting a\n", x );
43 }
44
45 void b( void )
46 {
47 static int x = 50; /* static initialization only */
48 /* first time b is called */
49 printf( "\nlocal static x is %d on entering b\n", x );
50 ++x;
51 printf( "local static x is %d on exiting b\n", x );
52 }
53
54 void c( void )
55 {
56 printf( "\nglobal x is %d on entering c\n", x );
57 x *= 10;
58 printf( "global x is %d on exiting c\n", x );
59 }
local x in outer scope of main is 5
local x in inner scope of main is 7
local x in outer scope of main is 5
Program Output
local x in a is 25 after entering a
local x in a is 26 before exiting a

local static x is 50 on entering b

global x is 1 on entering c
global x is 10 on exiting c

local x in a is 25 after entering a

local static x is 51 on entering b

global x is 10 on entering c
global x is 100 on exiting c
local x in main is 5
 5.13 Recursion
• Recursive functions
– Functions that call themselves
– Can only solve a base case
– Divide a problem up into
• What it can do
• What it cannot do
– What it cannot do resembles original problem
– The function launches a new copy of itself (recursion
step) to solve what it cannot do
– Eventually base case gets solved
• Gets plugged in, works its way up and solves whole problem
 5.13 Recursion
• Example: factorials
– 5! = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1
– Notice that
• 5! = 5 * 4!
• 4! = 4 * 3! ...
– Can compute factorials recursively
– Solve base case (1! = 0! = 1) then plug in
• 2! = 2 * 1! = 2 * 1 = 2;
• 3! = 3 * 2! = 3 * 2 = 6;
 5.14 Example Using Recursion: The 
Fibonacci Series
• Fibonacci series: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8...
– Each number is the sum of the previous two
– Can be solved recursively:
• fib( n ) = fib( n - 1 ) + fib( n – 2 )
– Code for the fibaonacci function
long fibonacci( long n )
{
if (n == 0 || n == 1) // base case
return n;
else
return fibonacci( n - 1) +
fibonacci( n – 2 );
}
 5.14 Example Using Recursion: The 
Fibonacci Series
• Set of recursive calls to function fibonacci
f( 3 )

return f( 2 ) + f( 1 )

return f( 1 ) + f( 0 ) return 1

return 1 return 0
 1 /* Fig. 5.15: fig05_15.c
2 Recursive fibonacci function */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 long fibonacci( long );
1.  Function prototype
6
7 int main() 1.1  Initialize variables
8 {
9 long result, number;
10 2.  Input an integer
11 printf( "Enter an integer: " );
12 scanf( "%ld", &number );
13 result = fibonacci( number );
2.1  Call function 
14 printf( "Fibonacci( %ld ) = %ld\n", number, result ); fibonacci
15 return 0;
16 } 2.2  Output results.
17
18 /* Recursive definition of function fibonacci */
19 long fibonacci( long n ) 3.  Define fibonacci 
20 { recursively 
21 if ( n == 0 || n == 1 )
22 return n;
23 else
24 return fibonacci( n - 1 ) + fibonacci( n - 2 );
25 }
Enter an integer: 0
Fibonacci(0) = 0 Program Output
Enter an integer: 1
Fibonacci(1) = 1
Enter an integer: 2
Fibonacci(2) = 1

Enter an integer: 3
Fibonacci(3) = 2
Program Output
Enter an integer: 4
Fibonacci(4) = 3

Enter an integer: 5
Fibonacci(5) = 5

Enter an integer: 6
Fibonacci(6) = 8

Enter an integer: 10
Fibonacci(10) = 55

Enter an integer: 20
Fibonacci(20) = 6765

Enter an integer: 30
Fibonacci(30) = 832040

Enter an integer: 35
Fibonacci(35) = 9227465
 5.15 Recursion vs. Iteration
• Repetition
– Iteration: explicit loop
– Recursion: repeated function calls
• Termination
– Iteration: loop condition fails
– Recursion: base case recognized
• Both can have infinite loops
• Balance
– Choice between performance (iteration) and good software
engineering (recursion)