Power System Analysis and Stabilty-1

EE610

Dr. SIDRAM. M.H

B.E, M.Tech, Ph.D

Associate Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
JSS Science and Technology University
(Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering )
 UNIT I

REPRESENTATION OF POWER SYSTEM

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 POWER SYSTEM NETWORK

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 COMPONENTS OF A POWER SYSTEM

1.Alternator
2.Power transformer
3.Transmission lines
4.Substation transformer
5.Distribution transformer
6.Loads

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 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

It is a diagrammatic representation of a power system in which the

components are represented by their symbols.

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 MODELLING OF TRANSFORMER

E2 N 2 I
K   1
E1 N1 I 2
R2
R01  R1  R2 '  R1  =Equivalent resistance referred to 1o
K2
X
X 01  X 1  X 2 '  X 1  22 =Equivalent reactance referred to 1o
K
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 MODELLING OF GENERATOR AND
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

1Φ equivalent circuit of generator 1Φ equivalent circuit of synchronous motor

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 MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE

Π type T type

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 PU SYSTEM
per unit=actual value/base value
Let KVAb=Base KVA
kVb=Base voltage
Zb=Base impedance in Ω

 kVb   kVb 
2 2

Zb  
MVAb KVAb
1000

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 Changing the base of per unit quantities

Let z = actual impedance(Ω)

Z b = base impedance (Ω)

Z Z Z * MVAb
Z p.u   
Z b  kVb  2
 kVb 
2

MVAb
Let kVb ,old & MVBb ,old represent old base values

kVb ,new & MVBb ,new represent new base values

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 Z * MVAb ,old
Z p.u ,old   (1)
 kV 
2
b , old

Z p.u ,old * MVAb ,old

Z  (2)
 kV 
2
b , old

Z * MVAb ,new
Z p.u ,new   (3)
 kV 
2
b , new

 
2
kV MVAb ,new
Z p.u ,new  Z p.u ,old
b , old
* *
 kV 
2
b , new
MVAb ,old

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 ADVANTAGES OF PER UNIT CALCULATIONS

 The p.u impedance referred to either side of a 1Φ transformer

is same
 The manufacturers provide the impedance value in p.u
 The p.u impedance referred to either side of a 3Φ transformer
is same regardless of the 3Φ connections Y-Y,Δ-Y
 p.u value always less than unity.

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 IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM

• This diagram obtained by replacing each component by their

1Φ equivalent circuit.
Following approximations are made to draw impedance
diagram
1. The impedance b/w neutral and ground omitted.
2. Shunt branches of the transformer equivalent circuit
neglected.

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 REACTANCE DIAGRAM

 It is the equivalent circuit of the power system in which the

various components are represented by their respective
equivalent circuit.

 Reactance diagram can be obtained after omitting all

resistances & capacitances of the transmission line from
impedance diagram

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 REACTANCE DIAGRAM FOR THE GIVEN POWER
SYSTEM NETWORK

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 PROCEDURE TO FORM REACTANCE
DIAGRAM FROM SINGLE DIAGRAM

1.Select a base power kVAb or MVAb

2.Select a base voltage kVb
3. The voltage conversion is achieved by means of transformer kVb on LT section=
kVb on HT section x LT voltage rating/HT voltage rating
4. When specified reactance of a component is in ohms
p.u reactance=actual reactance/base reactance
specified reactance of a component is in p.u

 kV 
2
MVAb ,new
X p.u ,new  X p.u ,old
b , old
* *
 kV 
2
b , new
MVAb ,old

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 p.u. calculation of 3 winding transformer

Zp=Impedance of primary winding

Zs’=Impedance of secondary winding
Zt’=Impedance of tertiary winding
Short circuit test conducted to find out the above 3 impedances

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 1
Z p   Z ps  Z pt  Z st ' 
2
1
Z s   Z ps  Z st '  Z pt 
'

2
1
Zt    Z ps  Z pt  Z st ' 
'

Z ps = Leakage impedance measured in 1o with 2o short circuited and

tertiary open.
Z pt = Leakage impedance measured in 1o with tertiary short circuited
and 2o open.

Z st ' = Leakage impedance measured in 2o with tertiary short circuited

and 1o open and referred to primary

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 PRIMITIVE NETWORK
It is a set of unconnected elements which provides information
regarding the characteristics of individual elements. it can be
represented both in impedance & admittance form

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 BUS ADMITTANCE(Y BUS) MATRIX

Y BUS can be formed by 2 methods

1.Inspection method
2.Singular transformation

 Y11 Y12   Y1n 

 
Y BUS =
 Y21 Y22   Y2n 
Y Y   Y 
 n1 n 2 nn 

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 INSPECTION METHOD

For n bus system

Diagonal element of Y BUS
n
Yii   yij
j 1

Off Diagonal element of Y BUS

Yij   yij

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 PU method example

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 Equivalent impedance diagram for the above system would look something like
the following

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Step 1: Assume a system base

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Step 3: Calculate the base impedance
The base impedance is calculated using the following formula:

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 UNIT II

SYMMETRICAL THREE PHASE FAULT

ANALYSIS

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 Fault current transients in machines
• When a symmetrical 3-phase fault occurs at the
terminals of a synchronous generator, the resulting
current flow in the phases of the generator can appear
as shown.
• The current can be represented as a transient DC
component added on top of a symmetrical AC
component.
• Therefore, while before the fault, only AC voltages and
currents were present within the generator, immediately
after the fault, both AC and DC currents are present.

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Symmetrical AC
component of the fault
current:
Roughly 3 periods seen:
1) Sub transient: first cycle
or so after the fault – AC
current is very large and falls
rapidly;
2) Transient: current falls at
a slower rate;
3) Steady-state: current gets
back to normal.

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Symmetrical AC
component of the fault
current:
Roughly 3 periods seen:
1) Sub transient: first cycle
or so after the fault – AC
current is very large and falls
rapidly;
2) Transient: current falls at
a slower rate;
3) Steady-state: current gets
back to normal.

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 UNIT III

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

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 Balanced Three-phase Systems
From Network to Single-phase Equivalent Circuit

Power plant Transformer Switching Line Load

station

Three-phase system

Single-line diagram

Equivalent single-phase circuit

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 BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

•A three-phase system can be analyzed by means of a single-phase

equivalent when:

– The source voltages are balanced or symmetrical

– The electrical parameters of the system are

symmetrical

– The loads are balanced

•Three-phase quantities can be determined from single phase voltages

and currents when symmetry is assumed between phases.

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENTS

 Symmetrical components can be used to transform

three phase unbalanced voltages and currents to
balanced voltages and currents
 Three phase unbalanced phasors can be resolved into
following three sequences
1.Positive sequence components
2. Negative sequence components
3. Zero sequence components

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 The phasor representation of three phase system

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 Vc1
Va1
Va2
Va1 Va0
Vb1
Vc Va

Vb2 Vb

Va2
Vc2

Va0 Vb0 Vc0

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 The ‘a’ operator
a = 1<1200 = -0.5 + j 0.866 a -a2
a I rotates I by 1200 -1 1

a2 = 1<2400 = -0.5 – j 0.866 -a

a2
a3 = 1<3600 = 1<00 = 1 + j 0
1 + a + a2 = 0

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 From figure previous figures

Vb1 = a2Va1 Vc1 = a Va1

Vb2 = a Va2 Vc2 = a2 Va2
Vb0 = Va0 Vc0 = Va0

Thus, Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + a Va2
Vc = Va0 + a Va1 + a2Va2
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 Matrix Relations
Let
va   v a0  1 1 1
Vp =  vb  ; Vs =  v a1  ; A = 1 a 2 a 
 vc   v a2  1 a a 2 

And Inverse of A is 1 1 1 
A-1 = 31 1 a a2 
1 a2 a 

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 Matrix Relations

va  1 1 1  va 0 
v   1 a 2 a  v 
 b   a1 
vc  1 a a 
2
va 2 

Similarly currents can be obtained using their symmetrical

components

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 Matrix Relations
Vp = A Vs; Vs = A-1Vp

Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc)

Va1 = 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc)
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + a2Vb + aVc)

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 Matrix Relations

 va 0  1 1 1 va 
v   1 2 v 
 a1  3 1 a a   b
va 2  1 a 2
a  vc 

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 SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
Impedances offered by power system components to positive,
negative and zero sequence currents.
Positive sequence impedance
The impedance of a component when positive sequence currents
alone are flowing.
Negative sequence impedance
The impedance of a component when negative sequence currents
alone are flowing.
Zero sequence impedance
The impedance of a component when zero sequence currents alone
are flowing.

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 SEQUENCE NETWORK

SEQUENCE NETWORK FOR GENERATOR

positive sequence network negative sequence network Zero sequence network

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SEQUENCE NETWORK FOR TRANSMISSION LINE

positive sequence network negative sequence network Zero sequence network

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 SEQUENCE NETWORK FOR TRANSFORMER

positive sequence network negative sequence network Zero sequence network

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 SEQUENCE NETWORK FOR LOAD

positive sequence network negative sequence network Zero sequence network

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 Numerical Example
1. The line currents in a 3-ph 4 –wire system are
Ia = 100<300 ; Ib = 50<3000 ; Ic = 30<1800. Find
the symmetrical components and the neutral
current.
Solution :
Ia0 = 1/3(Ia + Ib + Ic) = 27.29 < 4.70 A
Ia1 = 1/3(Ia + a Ib + a2Ic) = 57.98 < 43.30 A
Ia2 = 1/3(Ia + a2 Ib + a Ic) = 18.96 < 24.90 A
In = Ia + Ib + Ic = 3 Ia0 = 81.87 <4.70 A

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 Numerical Example
2. The sequence component voltages of phase
voltages of a 3-ph system are: Va0 = 100 <00 V;
Va1 = 223.6 < -26.60 V ; Va2 = 100 <1800 V.
Determine the phase voltages.

Solution:

Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = 223.6 <-26.60 V

Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + a Va2 = 213 < -99.90 V
Vc = Va0 + a Va1 + a2 Va2 = 338.6 < 66.20 V

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 Numerical Example
3. The two seq. components and the
corresponding phase voltage of a 3-ph system
are Va0 =1<-600 V; Va1=2<00 V ; & Va = 3 <00 V.
Determine the other phase voltages.
Solution:
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
 Va2 = Va – Va0 – Va1 = 1 <600 V
Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + a Va2 = 3 < -1200 V
Vc = Va0 + a Va1 + a2 Va2 = 0 V

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 Numerical Example
4. Determine the sequence components if
Ia =10<600 A; Ib = 10<-600 A ; & Ic = 10 <1800 A.

Solution:
Ia0 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic) =0A
Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + a Ib + a2Ic) = 10<600 A
Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + a2 Ib + a Ic) = 0 A

Thus, If the phasors are balanced, Two

Sequence components will be zero.

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 Numerical Example
5. Determine the sequence components if
Va = 100 <300 V; Vb = 100 <1500 V ; and
Vc = 100 <-900 V.
Solution:
Va0 = 1/3(Va + Vb + Vc) =0V
Va1 = 1/3(Va + a Vb + a2Vc) = 0 V
Va2 = 1/3(Va + a2 Vb + a Vc) = 100<300 V
Observation: If the phasors are balanced, Two
sequence components will be zero.

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 Three phase power in symmetrical components

S = VpT Ip* = [A Vs]T[A Is]*

= VsT AT A* Is* = 3 VsTIs*
= 3Va0 Ia0* + 3Va1 Ia1* + 3Va2 Ia2*
note that AT = A

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 UNIT IV

UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT
ANALYSIS

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 INTRODUCTION

UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS
o One or two phases are involved
o Voltages and currents become unbalanced and each phase is to be treated
individually
o The various types of faults are
Shunt type faults
1.Line to Ground fault (LG)
2. Line to Line fault (LL)
3. Line to Line to Ground fault (LLG)
Series type faults
Open conductor fault (one or two conductor open fault)

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 SINGLE-PHASE-EARTH FAULT
Consider the simple representation of the single-phase-earth fault as shown in Figure 9.
system is considered to be unloaded prior to the application of the fault.

IA VA

If
E ~

~ ~
If IB VB

IC VC

Figure 9

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 Restating the primary equations for symmetrical component evaluation

I0  1 1 1 Ia 
  1   
I1   1  2  Ib  (12)
  3   
1  
2
I2  Ic 

IA  1 1 1 I0 
     
IB   1  
2
I1  (13)
     
IC  1  2  I2 

The initial conditions for the fault are

IB = IC = 0
IA = If (14)
VA = 0 (short-earth)

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 Components of voltage
V0 = E0 - I0Z0
V1 = E1 - I1Z1
V2 = E2 -I2Z2

VA = EA - (I0Z0 + I1Z1 + I2Z2)

VA = 0 and since the generator is only able to generate positive sequence components,
E0 = E2 = 0
Also, since IB = IC = 0, I0 = I2 = 0

E1
I1 
Z1  Z2  Z0

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 The fault current If = IA = 3I1

3E
f  (14) and (15)
The fault current If = IA = 3II1 from
Z1  Z2  Z0
3E
 If  (18)
Z1  Z2  Z0
where E is the generated phase voltage.
where E is the generated phase voltage.

The equivalent
The equivalent circuitcircuit is given
is given by 10
by Figure

Z0 Z1 Z2

Figure 10

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 Example

33 kV

X1 = X2 = 3j
~ X0 = 4j B

30 MVA
X1 = 02j pu
X2 = 01j pu
X0 = 005j pu

Consider an earth fault at B

Choose base of 75 MVA, V B = 33 kV

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 Consider generator reactances on new base

75
X1   0  2j  0  5j
30
75
X2   0  1j  0  25 j
30
75
X0   0  05 j  0  125 j
30

Line:

VL 2 33 2  10 6
ZB    14  5
MVA b 75  10 6
3j
X1  X2   0  207 j pu
14  5
4j
X0   0  276 j pu
14  5

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 The next stage is to draw a sequence diagram. For the single phase to earth fault, the
positive, negative and zero sequence diagrams are connected in series.

0·5j 0·25j 0·125j

0·207j 0·207j 0·276j
1pu 0·5j 0·25j 0·125j

+ve seq -ve seq zero seq

0·25j 0·207j 0·125j 0·207j 0·0625j 0·276j

1pu

1·1275j
1pu

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 1
I1  I2  I0    j0  887
j1 1275

75  10 6
I f  3  ( j0  887)  = -j3·49 kA
3  33  10 3

The fault current may be reduced by increasing the impedance to the fault. Using the data of
the above example, consider the effect of earthing only one generator.

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 unchanged unchanged changed
0·25j 0·207j 0·125j 0·207j 0·125j 0·276j
1pu

+ve -ve zero

1·19j I1  I2  I0
~
1
   j  84
j1 19

compared with 0887 I1 = 084 previously.

This clearly has not reduced the current significantly.

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 Consider placing an impedance in the earth path as shown in Figure 12.

A
IA0
IB0
~ IC0

~ ZN ~
If
B

C
Figure 12

N.B. Zero sequence components only flow in the earth path.

 Zero sequence network becomes

Z0
3ZN

Figure 13

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 To note the effect of an earthing resistor, consider the previous example modified to take
account of a 3 ohm resistance connected between the star point of the generator and earth.

~ 3
3 Earthing resistance = = 0  207 pu
14  5

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 The sequence diagram becomes

0·5j 0·25j
0·207j 0·207j 3x0·207 0·125j 0·276j
~ 0·5j 0·25j

changed
unchanged unchanged
zero
+ve -ve

0·25j 0·207j 0·125j 0·207j 0·621 0·125j 0·276j

~

Z = ·621 + 1·19j
~ |Z| = 1·342
I0 = I1 = I2

1
I1 = (0621 - 119j)
1 342

75  106
If = 3 x (0621 - 119j) x = 293(0621 - 119j) kA
3  33  103

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 UNIT V

STABILITY STUDY

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STABILITY
 The tendency of a power system to develop restoring forces
equal to or greater than the disturbing forces to maintain the
state of equilibrium.
 Ability to keep the machines in synchronism with another
machine

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 CLASSIFICATION OF STABILITY

 Steady state stability

Ability of the power system to regain synchronism after small and slow
disturbances (like gradual power changes)

 Dynamic stability
Ability of the power system to regain synchronism after small disturbances
occurring for a long time (like changes in turbine speed, change in load)

 Transient stability
This concern with sudden and large changes in the network conditions i.e. .
sudden changes in application or removal of loads, line switching operating
operations, line faults, or loss of excitation.

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 Steady state limit is the maximum power that can be
transferred without the system become unstable when the load
in increased gradually under steady state conditions.

 Transient limit is the maximum power that can be transferred

without the system becoming unstable when a sudden or large
disturbance occurs.

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 SWING EQUATION

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 Swing Equation for Single Machine Infinite Bus
System
• The equation governing the motion of the rotor of a synchronous
machine
d 2 m
J 2  Ta  Tm  Te
dt
where
J=The total moment of inertia of the rotor(kg-m2)
 m =Singular displacement of the rotor
Tm=Mechanical torque (N-m)
Te=Net electrical torque (N-m)
Ta=Net accelerating torque (N-m)

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  m  smt   m
d m d m
 sm 
dt dt
d 2 m d 2 m
2
 2
dt dt
d 2 m
J m 2  pa  pm  pe
dt
• Where pm is the shaft power input to the machine
pe is the electrical power
pa is the accelerating power

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 J m  M
d 2 m
M  pa  pm  pe
dt 2
2H
M  S machine
sm
2 H d 2 m pa pm  pe
 
sm dt 2 S machine S machine
2 H d 2 H=machine inertia constant
 pa  pm  pe
s dt 2
s  2 f
H d 2
 pa   pm   pe
 f 0 dt 2
d 2  f 0 f
2
  pm  p2 max sin    0 pa p.u δ and ωs are in electrical
dt H H
d radian
 
dt
d   f 0 d 2
 pa  p.u
dt H dt 2

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 Swing Equation for Multimachine System

S machine =machine rating(base)

S system =system base

H system d 2
 pa  pm  pe p.u
 f dt 2

Smachine
H system  H machine
S system

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 ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY

• It is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a

power system to maintain in synchronism. The stability
problem involves the study of the electro mechanical
oscillations inherent in power system.
• Types of Rotor Angle Stability
1. Small Signal Stability (or) Steady State Stability
2. Transient stability

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 Voltage Stability

 It is the ability of a power system to maintain steady

acceptable voltages at all buses in the system under normal
operating conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance.
 The major factor for instability is the inability of the power
system to meet the demand for reactive power.

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• Mid Term Stability
It represents transition between short term and long
term responses.
Typical ranges of time periods.
1. Short term : 0 to 10s
2. Mid Term : 10 to few minutes
3. Long Term : a few minutes to 10’s of minutes
• Long Term Stability
Usually these problem be associated with
1. Inadequacies in equipment responses.
2. Poor co-ordination of control and protection equipment.
3. Insufficient active/reactive power reserves.

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 EQUAL AREA CRITERION

• This is a simple graphical method to predict the transient

stability of two machine system or a single machine against
infinite bus. This criterion does not require swing equation or
solution of swing equation to determine the stability condition.
• The stability conditions are determined by equating the areas
of segments on power angle diagram.

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 Power-angle curve for equal area criterion

multiplying swing equation by on both sides

Multiplying both sides of the above equation by dt and then integrating between two arbitrary angles δ0 and δc

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 Once a fault occurs, the machine starts accelerating. Once the fault is cleared, the machine keeps
on accelerating before it reaches its peak at δc ,

The area of accelerating A1

The area of deceleration is given by A2

If the two areas are equal, i.e., A1 = A2, then the power system will be stable

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 Critical Clearing Angle (δcr) maximum allowable value of the clearing
time and angle for the system to remain stable are known as critical clearing
time and angle.

δcr expression can be obtained by substituting δc = δcr in the equation A1 =

A2

Substituting Pe = 0 in swing equation

Integrating the above equation

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 Replacing δ by δcr and t by tcr in the above equation, we get the
critical clearing time as

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 Factors Affecting Transient Stability

• Strength of the transmission network within the system and

of the tie lines to adjacent systems.
• The characteristics of generating units including inertia of
rotating parts and electrical properties such as transient
reactance and magnetic saturation characteristics of the
stator and rotor.
• Speed with which the faulted lines or equipments can be
disconnected.

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