UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION

 Environmental management system,

 Pollution control acts in India, Indian standards,
 Environment (protection) act 1986,
 Air (prevention and control of pollution) act 1981,
 Water (prevention and control of pollution) act 1974,
 Global environmental problems-Global warming- Acid
rain, Ozone depletion

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Environmental Management System
What is a System?
 Set of interacting elements that form a whole
 “regularly interacting or interdependent groups of items forming a
unified whole towards the achievement of a goal”
 (APICS Dictionary, Cox and Blackstone eds., 1998)
What is an EMS?
 Part of overall management structure
Purpose of EMS
 Address immediate & long-term environmental impacts
Why have an EMS?
 Provide order and consistency in methods

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 Why EMS?
Path Toward Excellence

Systems Approach

End-of-Pipe Approach
Limited to Compliance

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Time
 Why an EMS at a College / University?
 Engage the entire campus
 Environment is overlapping concern for
 Teaching
 Research
 Service
 Integration of processes with the EMS

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 Structured EMS Integrate EMS into Day-to-Day Decisions:
1. Practical, usable, and useful
2. Cost effective
3. Supportive of other systems;
4. Encourage continuous improvement
5. Include 5 major components:
a. Policy setting
b. Planning
c. Implementation and operation
d. Checking and corrective action
e. Management review

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EMS Implementation Phases
PHASE DESCRIPTION
Define Goals Clearly state why an EMS is being developed.
To comply with regulations? To improve
environmental performance? To prevent
pollution? To reduce potential liability?
Top To gain top management support,
Management management must understand the benefits of
Support an EMS and agree with the goals. Support is
. necessary to obtain resources.
Structure EMS project must have a leader, with
authority and skills.
Implementation Representatives from key areas to ensure
Team ownership.
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EMS Implementation Phases
PHASE DESCRIPTION
Preliminary What is current compliance effort? What
Review portions of EMS are in place? What are key
environmental aspects and how effectively are
they being addressed.
Budget and Use preliminary review to develop budget and
Schedule schedule. Identify key activities to be
. performed and resources needed for these.
. Include milestones and periodic reviews.
Resource Ensure top management authorizes allocation
Approval of all key resources
Progress Involve everyone in sharing progress through
communication.
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 Barriers to Implementing Formal EMS
 Denial of need
 We are different / unique
 Too difficult to do
 Not enough time
 Policy Resistance
The Structure of Improvement
 Performance depends on 2 factors:
 Time spent working
 Capability of process to perform work
 Performance improvement happens when
 Additional work is done, or
 Process is improved

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 EMS helps to…
 assess the level of their efficiency in meeting their
environmental responsibilities.
 put systems in place to address environmental
concerns on many levels, and motivating, "to go
beyond compliance".
 manage pollutants in unison as a whole, rather than in
isolation.

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 An EMS is Environmental
 Facilitates environmental compliance
 Addresses environmental impacts
 Broadens environmental responsibilities to all whose work
can have a significant impact on the environment
 Environmental office has technical expertise to contribute

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 An EMS is Management

 Must have commitment of top managers

 EMS owned by facility manager
 Must be consistent with other management systems

An EMS is a System
 Requires awareness of formal structure
 Addresses policies, procedures, programs
 Doesn’t specifically address compliance components
(drums, labels, etc.)

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 Continual Improvement Cycle

Etc.

Plan
Implement

Implement
Plan

Review Implement Check

Check

Review
Plan
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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 After completing this Unit, you should be able to:
 explain the benefits of establishing EMS;
 plan the process for establishing EMS;
 discuss ISO 14000 and ISO 14001;
 work as a co-ordinator for getting ISO certification for your
organisation.

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 An EMS of an organization is a system
designed to:

 meet the regulatory and legislative system requirements;

 improve the control of the environmental impact;
 provide confidence to the customers that the products
and services are manufactured with the aim of reducing
the negative impact on the environment;
 suitably accommodate changing market trends and gain
competitive edge;
 reduce the costs associated with environmental liabilities
and insurance;
 gain public and media support.

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 Core elements of EMS
 Environmental policy
 Environment action plan
 Environment related organizational structures
 Integration of environmental concerns

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 Environmental policy:
 usually published as a written statement, expressing the
commitment of the senior management to improving
appropriate environmental performance.
 a public statement of the intentions and principles of action
for the organisation regarding the environment.
 The policy statement should define the broad environmental
goals the organisation has decided to achieve.
 These are most clear if they are quantified,
 e.g., to reduce emissions of pollutants by 95% within 5 years,
 to provide sewerage and biological treatment of sludge for
60% of the population within 3 years, etc.

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 Environment action plan:
 describes the measures the organisation will take over the
coming year(s).
 translates the environmental policies of the organisation into
objectives and targets and identifies the activities to achieve
them, defines responsibilities and commits the necessary
human and financial resources for implementation.
 includes committing the necessary funds
 co-ordination of the progress made towards achieving these
separate goals and the overall policy goals that have to be
fulfilled.

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 Environment related organisational structures:
 The structures establish assignments, delegate authority and
assign responsibility for actions.
 In the case of organisations with multiple sites or different
activities, structures for the organisation as a whole as well as
for the separate operating units are necessary.
 The senior staff member responsible for the environment,
typically, has a direct reporting relationship to the head of the
organisation.
 Individuals holding strategic or main environmental
responsibilities should be adequately supported with human
and financial resources.

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 Integration of environmental concerns:
 The establishment of procedures such as
 the protection of workers,
 purchasing, R&D,
 product development and acquisitions,
 marketing, finance, etc.,
 in the case of companies and the safety, health and welfare of
the community in the case of a local government.

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 EMS Model

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 Benefits of EMS
 Improved environmental performance.
 Enhanced compliance.
 Prevention of pollution/resource conservation.
 New customers/markets.
 Increased efficiency/reduced costs.
 Enhanced employee morale.
 Enhanced image with public, regulators, lenders, investors.
 Employee awareness of environmental issues and
responsibilities.

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 Certification body assessments of EMS
Based on the following conditions, certificates are issued:
 Non-conformities identified have been addressed and
eliminated.
 EMS standard have been met, and, organisation’s policy and
objectives is effective.
 The principle of continuous improvement of environmental
performance has been stated
 All key staff (i.e., those involved in managing significant
effects) have undergone a training need analysis and have
received training.

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 Overview of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001

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  A few words about ISO
 Refer to “ISO” not I-S-O
 Because “ISO” is not a set of initials but an international
name
 Derived from the Greek word “isos” meaning “equal”
 Long name in English
 International Organization for Standardization

 Whatever the country, whatever the language the short form

is always “ISO”

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 Who is ISO?
 ISO is an international agency consisting of 156 member
countries including Kenya

 ISO was formed in 1947 and is based in Geneva, Switzerland

 It develops international standards to foster increased trade of

products and services

 By July 2005, ISO had published over 15,000 standards

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 ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 in brief
 ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are among ISO's most well
known standards ever.

 They are implemented by more than a million

organizations in some 175 countries.

 ISO 9001 helps organizations to implement quality

management.

 ISO 14001 helps organizations to implement

environmental management.

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 Quality management
 ISO 9001 is for quality management.
 Quality refers to all those features of a product (or service)
which are required by the customer.
 Quality management means what the organization does
to ensure that its products or services satisfy the customer's
quality requirements and
 comply with any regulations applicable to those products
or services.
 Quality management also means what the organization does
to enhance customer satisfaction, and
 achieve continual improvement of its performance.

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 Environmental management
 ISO 14001 is for environmental management. This means
what the organization does to:
 minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by
its activities,
 to conform to applicable regulatory requirements, and to
 achieve continual improvement of its environmental
performance.

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 Generic standards
 ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are generic standards.
 Generic means that the same standards can be applied:
 to any organization, large or small, whatever its product or
service,
 in any sector of activity, and
 whether it is a business enterprise, a public administration,
or a government department.
 Generic also signifies that
 no matter what the organization's scope of activity
 if it wants to establish a quality management system, ISO
9001 gives the essential features
 or if it wants to establish an environmental management
system, ISO 14001 gives the essential features.
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 Management systems
 Management system means what the organization does to
manage its processes, or activities in order that
 its products or services meet the organization’s
objectives, such as
 satisfying the customer's quality requirements,
 complying to regulations, or
 meeting environmental objectives
 Everyone is clear about who is responsible for doing
what, when, how, why and where.
 Management system standards provide the organization
with an international, state-of-the-art model to follow.
 The ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 management system
standards now make these successful practices available
for all organizations.
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 Processes, not products
 Both ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 concern the way an
organization goes about its work.
 They are not product standards.
 They are not service standards.
 They are process standards.
 They can be used by product manufacturers and service
providers.
 Processes affect final products or services.
 ISO 9001 gives the requirements for what the organization
must do to manage processes affecting quality of its products
and services.
 ISO 14001 gives the requirements for what the organization
must do to manage processes affecting the impact of its
activities on the environment.

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 The ISO 9000 family
 ISO 9001 is the standard that gives the requirements for a
quality management system.
 ISO 9001:2008 is the latest, improved version.
 It is the only standard in the ISO 9000 family that can be
used for certification.
 There are 16 other standards in the family that can help an
organization on specific aspects such as performance
improvement, auditing, training…

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 The ISO 14000 family
 ISO 14001 is the standard that gives the requirements for an
environmental management system.
 ISO 14001:2004 is the latest, improved version.
 It is the only standard in the ISO 14000 family that can be
used for certification.
 The ISO 14000 family includes 21 other standards that can
help an organization specific aspects such as auditing,
environmental labelling, life cycle analysis…

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 The Process Approach

 The “Plan-Do-Check-Act” cycle, also known as the “Deming

Cycle”

 A dynamic cycle that is deployed to organization’s processes

 Associated with the planning, implementation, control and

continual improvement

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 Basic Steps in ISO 9000 Registration
 Planning
 Training
 Preparing documentation
 Internal assessment
 Internal auditing
 Pre-registration assessment
 Registration assessment
 Certification

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 Positive effects of ISO 9000 certification
 Improving processes’ procedures
 Improving process understanding
 Improving existing quality policies and programs
 Completing Quality Manual
 Improving communication between management and
employees
 Increasing company’s credibility
Negative aspects of ISO 9000
 Extra time and money involved in the registration
process.
 Distraction from other quality programs
 A lot of work

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 The Success Factors in ISO 9000 Registration
 Clear planning
 Hard work of each employee
 Commitment from top level
 Management support at every level
 Cross-functional team work
 Weekly meetings
 Extensive training resulting in knowledgeable
individuals

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 Benefits of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
 Common language
 Increase efficiency and effectiveness.
 Model for continual improvement.
 Model for satisfying customers and other stakeholders.
 Build quality into products and services from design
onwards.
 Address environmental concerns of customers and public,
and comply with government regulations.
 Integrate with global economy.
 Sustainable business
 Technical support for regulations
 Transfer of good practice to developing countries
 Regional integration
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 Internal benefits include:-
 Increased productivity
 Less scrap and rework
 Increased employee satisfaction
 Continual improvement
 Increased profits

Internal benefits include:-

 An internationally recognised QMS
 Increased opportunities in specific markets
 Increased customer satisfaction

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 Companies seek ISO 9000 registration in order to
 Enter global markets
 Improve organization’s management and product/service
quality
 Self-assess its quality procedures
 Outward (exporting) internalization
 Satisfy customers

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 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND
RULES

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 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND RULES
Major environmental laws dealing with protection of
environment can be divided into following categories:
 Water pollution
 Air pollution
 Environment protection
 Public liability insurance
 National environment tribunal
 Animal welfare
 Wildlife
 Forest conservation
 Biodiversity
 Indian forest service

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 Major acts, rules and notifications under each of the above categories are as
given below:

 The prevention of cruelty to animals act, 1960.

 The wild life (protection) amendment act, 2002.
 Forest (conservation) act, 1980, amended 1988.
 The biological diversity act, 2002.
 The hazardous wastes (management and handling) rules, 1989 &
 2000.
 The manufacture, storage and import of hazardous chemical
 Rules, 1989 & 2000.
 Public liability insurance act, 1991.
 The chemical accidents (emergency planning, preparedness
 And response rules, 1996.
 The biomedical wastes (management and handling) rules, 1998.
 The recycled plastic manufacture and usage rules, 1999.
 The fly ash notification, 1999.

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 THE HAZARDOUS WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND
HANDLING) RULES, 1989 & 2000.
 Categorization
 Handling Hazardous wastes
 Under this rule, toxic chemicals, flammable chemicals and
explosive have been redefined to be termed as ‘hazardous
chemical’. As per new criteria, 684 hazardous chemicals.

THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT TRIBUNAL ACT, 1995

 to provide for strict liability for damages arising out of indents

occurring during handling of hazardous substances and
expunction disposal of cases arising from such accidents, with
a view to giving relief and compensation damages to person,
and the environment.

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 MUNICIPAL WASTES (PROCESS AND DISPOSAL)
DRAFT RULES, 1999.
 structural development for collection, storage, segregation
transportation, processing and disposal of MSW and to
comply with these rules.
 Disposal of MSW shall be through landfill as per
specifications and standards
 The standards for compost and disposal of treated leachate
shall be followed

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 THE RECYCLED PLASTIC MANUFACTURE AND
USAGE RULES, 1999.

 Under these rules, use of carry bags or containers made of

recycled plastics for storing, carrying dispensing or
packaging of foodstuffs is prohibited.
 Recycling of plastics is to be undertaken strictly”.
 Manufacture has to print on each packet of carry bags as
‘Made of Recycled Material’ or ‘Virgin Plastic’. The
minimum thickness of carry bags should not be less than 20
microns.

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 THE CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS (EMERGENCY
PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
RULES, 1996.
 Back up
 Handling
 It continuously monitors the post-accident saturation and
suggests measures for prevention occurrence of such
accidents
THE FLY ASH NOTIFICATION, 1999.
The notification to conserve topsoil and prevent the
dumping and disposal of fly ash discharged from coal
or lignite based thermal power plants

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 PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE ACT, 1991.
 This Act, unique to India, on the owner the liability to
immediate relief in respect of death or to any person or
damage to any property resulting from an accident while
handling hazardous any of the notified hazardous
chemicals.
 The owner handling hazardous chemical has to take an
insurance policy to meet this liability of an amount equal
to its “Paid up capital”
 The payment under the Act is only for the immediate
relief; owners shall have to provide the compensation if
any, arising out of legal proceeding.

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 THE BIOMEDICAL WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND
HANDLING) RULES, 1998.
 the disposal of biomedical wastes including anatomical
waste, blood, body fluids medicines, glass wares and
animals wastes by the health care institution (i.e. nursing
homes, clinics, dispensaries, veterinary institutions,
animal houses pathological laboratories and banks etc.
 They are required to install and commission requisite
facilities like incinerators, autoclaves, microwave system
etc. the treatment of biomedical waste.
 Segregation of biomedical waste at source been made
mandatory for all the institutions and organizations
dealing with them.

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 THE MANUFACTURE, STORAGE AND IMPORT OF
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL RULES, 1989 & 2000.

 identify likely hazard and their anger potential.

 take adequate steps to prevent and limit the consequences of
any accident at site.
 Material safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all the chemicals in
handling has to be prepared.
 Workers on site are required to be provided with
information, training and necessary equipment to ensure
their safety.
 Onsite Emergency Plan is to be prepared before initiating
any activity at the site.
 Off-site Emergency Plan
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 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT,
1986

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  An Act to provide for the protection and improvement of
environment and for matters connected there with

SHORT TITLE, EXTEND AND COMMENCEMENT

 This Act may be called the Environment (Protection) Act,

1986.
 It extends to the whole of India.
 It shall come into force on such date as the Central
Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
appoint and different dates may be appointed for different
provisions of this Act and for different areas.

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 DEFINITIONS
 In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,--

 (a) environment includes water, air and land and the inter-
relationship which exists among and between water, air and
land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-
organism and property;

 (b) environmental pollutant means any solid, liquid or

gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be, or
tend to be, injurious to environment;

 (c) environmental pollution means the presence in the

environment of any environmental pollutant;

 (d) handling, in relation to any substance, means the

manufacture, processing, treatment, package, storage,
transportation, use, collection, destruction, conversion,
54 offering for sale, transfer or the like of such substance;
  (e) hazardous substance means any substance or
preparation which, by reason of its chemical or physico-
chemical properties or handling, is liable to cause harm
to human beings, other living creatures, plant, micro-
organism, property or the environment;

 (f) occupier, in relation to any factory or premises,

means a person who has, control over the affairs of the
factory or the premises and includes in relation to any
substance, the person in possession of the substance;

 (g) prescribed means prescribed by rules made under this

Act.

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 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
 to take all such measures
 co-ordination of actions by the State Governments, officers
and other authorities--
 planning and execution of a nation-wide programme
 laying down standards for the
 quality of environment in its various aspects;
 emission or discharge of environmental pollutants
 restriction of areas
 laying down procedures and safeguards for the prevention of
accidents

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  examination of such manufacturing processes, materials
and substances as are likely to cause environmental
pollution;
 carrying out and sponsoring investigations and research
relating to problems of environmental pollution;
 inspection of any premises,
 establishment or recognition of environmental
laboratories and institutes
 collection and dissemination of information
 preparation of manuals, codes or guides
 such other matters as the Central Government deems
necessary or expedient for the purpose of securing the
effective implementation of the provisions of this Act.
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 POWERS OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

 Power to entry and inspection

 Power to take samples
 Air, water, soil or substances
 Procedure
 Giving notice to the occupier f the place or his agent
 Collecting sample in the presence of occupier or his agent
 Sample in sealed container, signed by officer and agent
 Analyze the sample issue it to agent and court
 Power to establish laboratories
 Penalties for violating the provision in this act

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 THE AIR (PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981

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  An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of
air pollution, for matters connected therewith.
Short title, extent and commencement.
 This Act may be called the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981.
 It extends to the whole of India.
 It shall come into force on such date as the Central
Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
appoint.

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 Definitions.
 In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-
 air pollutant means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance
[including noise) present in the atmosphere in such
concentration
 air pollution means the presence in the atmosphere of any air
 approved appliances means any equipment or gadget used for
the bringing of any combustible material or for generating or
consuming any fume, gas of particulate matter and approved
by the State Board for the purpose of this Act;
 approved fuel means any fuel approved by the State Board for
the purposes of this Act;

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  automobile means any vehicle powered either by internal
combustion engine or by any method of generating
power to drive such vehicle by burning fuel;
 Board means the Central Board or State Board;
 chimney includes any structure with an opening or outlet
from or through which any air pollutant may be emitted,
 control equipment means any apparatus, device,
equipment or system to control the quality and manner of
emission of any air pollutant and includes any device
used for securing the efficient operation of any industrial
plant;
 emission means any solid or liquid or gaseous substance
coming out of any chimney, duct or flue or any other
outlet;

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  industrial plant means any plant used for any industrial
or trade purposes and emitting any air pollutant into the
atmosphere;
 member means a member of the Central Board or a State
Board, as the case may be, and includes the Chairman
thereof,
 occupier, in relation to any factory or premises, means
the person who has control over the affairs of the factory
or the premises, and includes, in relation to any
substance, the person in posse ssion of the substance;]
 prescribed means prescribed by rules made under this
Act by the Central Government or as the case may be,
the State government;

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 Functions of Central Board.
 the main functions of the Central Board shall be to improve
the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution
in the country.
 may advise the Central Government on any matter concerning
the improvement of the quality of air and the prevention,
control or abatement of air pollution;
 plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for
the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution;
 co-ordinate the activities of the State and resolve disputes
among them;
 provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards,

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  plan and organize the training of persons engaged
 organize through mass media a comprehensive
programme regarding the prevention, control or
abatement of air pollution;
 collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data
relating to air pollution and the measures devised for its
effective prevention, control or abatement and prepare
manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention, control
or abatement of air pollution;
 lay down standards for the quality of air.,
 collect and disseminate information in respect of matters
relating to air pollution;
 perform such other functions as may be prescribed.
 may establish or recognize a laboratory

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 Functions of State Boards
 plan a comprehensive programme
 to advise the State Government
 to collect and disseminate information relating to air
pollution;
 to collaborate with the Central Board in organising the
training of persons
 to inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment,
industrial plant or manufacturing process

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  to inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it
may think necessary, assess the quality of air
 standards for emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere
from industrial plants and automobiles
 to advise the State Government with respect to the suitability
of any premises or location for carrying on any industry
which is likely to cause air pollution;
 to Perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as
may, from time to time, be entrusted to it by the Central
Board or the State Government;
 may establish or recognise a laboratory or laboratories

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 WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

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  An Act to provide for the prevention and control of water
pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness
of water, and for matters connected therewith.

Short title, application and commencement.

 This Act may be called the Water (Prevention and Control of

s Pollution) Act, 1974.
 It applies in the first instance to the whole of all the States
and the Union territories

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 Definitions.
 Board
 Central Board
 members
 occupier,
 outlet
 pollution
 prescribed
 sewage effluent means effluent from any sewerage system or
sewage disposal works and includes sullage from open drains;
 sewer means any conduit pipe or channel, openor closed,
carrying sewage or trade effluent;]
 State Board

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  (State Government
 stream includes-
 river;
 Water course (whether flowing or for the time] being
dry);
 inland water (whether natural or artificial);]
 subterranean waters;
 sea or tidal waters to such extent
 trade effluent includes any liquid, gaseous or solid
substance which is discharged from any premises used
for carrying on any system other than domestic sewage.

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 CONSTITUTION OF CENTRAL BOARD and STATE
BOARDS
 A full-time chairman, A chairman (full time /part time)
 Officials (≤ 5) to represent that Government;
 Officials (≤ 5) to be nominated by the Central Government,
from amongst the members of the State Boards, / local
authorities
 Non-officials (≤ 3), to represent the interests of agriculture,
fishery or industry or trade or any other interest
 two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned,
to be nominated by that Government;
 a full-time member-secretary, possessing qualifications,
knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or
management aspects of pollution control,

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 FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL AND STATE BOARD
 to promote cleanliness of streams and wells
 advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the
prevention and control of water pollution;
 co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve
disputes among them;
 provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards,
 plan and organise the training of persons engaged
 organise through mass media a comprehensive programme
regarding the prevention and control of water pollution;

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  collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data
relating to water pollution
 lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State
Government concerned, the standards for a stream or well
 plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for
the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution;
 The Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or
laboratories for the analysis of samples of water from any
stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade effluents.
 to inspect sewage or trade effluents,
 to evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of
sewage and trade effluents,
 to evolve methods of utilization of sewage and suitable trade
effluents in agriculture;
 to evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade
effluents on land
 to lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade
effluents to be discharged into any particular stream
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 POWER OF STATE GOVERNMENT TO RESTRICT THE
APPLICATION OF THE ACT TO CERTAIN AREAS

 restrict the application of this Act to such area or areas as may

be declared therein as water pollution, prevention and control
area or areas and thereupon the provisions of this Act shall
apply only to such area or areas.
 Each water pollution, prevention and control area may be
declared either by reference to a map or by reference to the
line of any watershed or the boundary of any district or partly
by one method and partly by another.

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 POWER TO OBTAIN INFORMATION
 May make surveys of any area and gauge and keep records of
the flow or volume and other characteristics of an stream or
well in such area, and may take steps for the measurement
and recording of the rainfall in such area or any part

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 POWER TO TAKE SAMPLES OF EFFLUENTS
 have power to take for the purpose of analysis samples of water
 in the presence of the occupier or his agent, divided the sample
into two parts;
 sealed and shall also be signed both by the person taking the
sample and the occupier or his agent;
 send one container for analyse
 Union territory lab established or recognised by the Central
Board
 State laboratory established or recognised by the State Board
 on the request of the occupier or his agent, send the second
container

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 Acid Rain

Acid rain is basically rain that has a higher than normal acid
level (low pH).
 Acid Deposition
 Acid Rain refers to the deposition of acidic
components in either wet or dry forms
 Defined by the pH of the liquid. Less than 7 pH is
acidic, more than 7 is basic
 Natural acid rain can be caused by volcanic emissions
and biological processes
 “Clean” rain has a natural acidity of about 5.2 on the
pH scale due to water reacting with carbon dioxide in
the air to form carbonic acid
 H2O (l) + CO2 (g) → H2CO3 (aq)
 2 H2O (l) + H2CO3 (aq) <–> CO32− (aq) + 2 H3O+ (aq)

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 Causes of Acid Rain
 Burning coal. Oil and natural gas
in power stations makes
electricity, giving off sulphur
dioxide gas.
 Burning petrol and oil in vehicle
engines gives off nitrogen oxides
as gases.
 These gases mix with water
vapour and rainwater in the
atmosphere producing weak
solutions of sulphuric and nitric
acids – which fall as acid rain.

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 The Problem!
People probably couldn't live without
electricity! Therefore coal will continue to be burnt.
Also, electricity and energy are constantly
being overused.

Think of it this way: every time you turn on a

light switch or the television set without really
needing to, you're indirectly contributing to the acid
rain problem.

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How Acid Rain Affects The Environment

Acid rain is an extremely destructive form of

pollution, and the environment suffers from
its effects. Forests, trees, lakes, animals, and
plants suffer from acid rain.
Trees
The needles and leaves of the trees turn
brown and fall off.
Trees can also suffer from stunted growth;
and have damaged bark and leaves, which
makes them vulnerable to weather, disease,
and insects.

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 Lakes are also damaged by acid rain. Fish die off, and that removes the
main source of food for birds. Acid rain can even kill fish before they
are born when the eggs are laid and come into contact with the acid.

Fish usually die only when the acid level of a lake is high; when the
acid level is lower, they can become sick, suffer stunted growth, or
lose their ability to reproduce.

Also, birds can die from eating "toxic" fish and insects.

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 Buildings
Acid rain dissolves the stonework and mortar of buildings (especially those
made out of sandstone or limestone).
It reacts with the minerals in the stone to form a powdery substance that
can be washed away by rain.
 Monuments made of Calcium Carbonate (limestone and marble) will react
with acid rain to form Gypsum
 Increases the oxidation rate of metals such as copper and bronze

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 Transport
Currently, both the railway industry and the aeroplane industry are
having to spend a lot of money to repair the corrosive damage done by
acid rain. Also, bridges have collapsed in the past due to acid rain
corrosion.

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 Humans
Humans can become seriously ill, and can
even die from the effects of acid rain. One of
the major problems that acid rain can cause
in a human being is respiratory problems.

Many can find it difficult to breathe,

especially people who have asthma. Asthma,
along with dry coughs, headaches, and throat
irritations can be caused by the sulphur
dioxides and nitrogen oxides from acid rain.

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Acid rain can be absorbed by both plants (through soil and/or direct
contact) and animals (from things they eat and/or direct contact). When
humans eat these plants or animals, the toxins inside of their meals can
affect them. Brain damage, kidney problems, and Alzheimer's disease has
been linked to people eating "toxic" animals/plants.

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 Human Attribution
• Human emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
contribute to the acidification of rain
• Emissions began during the industrial revolution
• Biggest contributor is the burning of coal
• Annually 70Tg (1012 g) of Sulfur emissions comes from fossil
fuel burning, compared to 8Tg from volcanoes and 2.8Tg
from wildfires

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 Solutions
 1. Sulphur dioxide can be removed from power stations
chimneys but this process is expensive.
 2. Reduce the amount of electricity turn off lights when a
room is not in use.
 3. Use renewable energy
 4. Fit catalytic converters to vehicle exhausts which remove
the nitrogen oxides.
 5. Limit the number of vehicles on the roads and increase
public transport.

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 Ozone layer depletion

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 Ozone
 O3
 a gas composed of three atoms of oxygen
 bluish gas that is harmful to breathe
 Nearly 90% of the Earth's ozone is in the stratosphere and is
referred to as the ozone layer
 Ozone absorbs a band of ultraviolet radiation called UVB

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 Ozone-Depleting Substance(s) (ODS):

 CFCs,
 HCFCs,
 halons,
 methyl bromide,
 carbon tetrachloride, and
 methyl chloroform.

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 Various sources

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 Effects of OLD
 -- Skin Cancer (melanoma and nonmelanoma)
-- Premature aging of the skin and other skin problems
-- Cataracts and other eye damage
-- Immune system suppression

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 The Antarctic Ozone Hole
 The ozone hole is defined
as the area having less
than 220 dobson units
(DU) of ozone in the
overhead column (i.e.,
between the ground and
space).

The Dobson unit (DU) is a unit of measurement of the amount of a trace gas in a vertical
column through the Earth's atmosphere. One Dobson unit is equal to the number of ozone
molecules needed to create a pure layer of ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at STP

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Source: http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/multi/recent_ozone91200.gif
 What can we do?
 Make sure that technicians working on your car air
conditioner, home air conditioner, or refrigerator are
certified by an EPA approved program to recover the
refrigerant (this is required by law).
 Check the leakage in your car and home air conditioner
units.
 Repair leaky air conditioning units before refilling them.
 properly dispose of refrigeration or air conditioning
equipment.
 Protect yourself against sunburn.

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 What can We do?
 Keep your automobile well tuned and maintained.
 Seal containers of household cleaners, workshop
chemicals and solvents, and garden chemicals to prevent
VOC from evaporating into the air. Dispose of them
properly.

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 Smog Sources

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Source: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/regusmog/smog.html
 Sources of Volatile Organic Carbons

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 Sources of NOx

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 Global warming

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Introduction
 Is the world getting warmer?
 If so, are the actions of mankind to blame for earth’s
temperature increases?
 What can/should be done about these issues?
 Earth’s Atmospheric Gases
Non-
Nitrogen (N2)
Greenhouse
Gases
Oxygen (O2)
99%

Water (H2O)

Greenhouse
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gases
1%
Methane (CH4)
Future Carbon Dioxide Levels
 Increasing CO2 emissions, especially in China and developing
countries
 Likely to double within 150 years:
 Increased coal usage
 Increased natural gas usage
 Decreased petroleum usage (increased cost and decreasing
supply)
Households are Big Contributors to Climate Change

Of all U.S. greenhouse gas

emissions come from
households:

• Vehicles
• Home Heating
• Electricity
So how can each of us slow
global warming now?
 Reduce our consumption of fossil fuels
Because greenhouse gas emissions are tied very closely to our energy
consumption, using less fossil fuel based energy puts fewer greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere.

Mountaintop removal for

This will help slow global warming.
coal mining near Rawl,
West Virginia.

50% of electricity in the

United States is produced
from coal.

(
 We can make some simple substitutions

Replacing just 1 incandescent light bulb with 1 compact

florescent bulb saves about 150 pounds of carbon
dioxide per year!

Source: http://www.energystar.gov
 Small changes really add up

Replace your old refrigerator Set your thermostat down a few

with a new Energy Star: degrees in the winter
Annual savings: Annual savings:
$90; 700 pounds CO2 $135; 1400 pounds CO2

Drive JUST 10 fewer miles per week

Annual savings:
$80; 520 pounds CO2

Wash clothes in cold water only Reduce your garbage by 10% through
Annual savings: greater recycling or reduced
$70; 500 pounds CO2 packaging
Annual savings:
1200 pounds CO2

Caulk and weather-strip around doors and

windows
Annual savings:
$80; 650 pounds CO2
 Instead of……
 Switch off fans and lights
 Reduce the usage of private transport
 Eat fresh items instead of canned / frozen items
 don’t use the special items like hair dryer etc….
 Dispose the waste properly
 Use recyclable materials
 Carry your own bag for shopping.
 Use “reusable materials” instead of “use and throw materials”.
 Ex: tiffin boxes, cloth handkerchiefs

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 Our take-home message…

Each of us must take steps to protect

our Earth's climate.