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Mathematics in The Modern World: Sets and Venn Diagrams

This document discusses mathematical concepts related to sets and Venn diagrams. It defines key terms like elements, unions, intersections, differences and complements of sets. Unions represent elements in either or both sets, intersections are elements common to both sets, and differences are elements in one set but not the other. Venn diagrams provide a visual representation of relationships between multiple sets and their operations. Examples are given showing how these concepts apply to sets of friends who play different sports.

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Neri Sangalang
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1K views15 pages

Mathematics in The Modern World: Sets and Venn Diagrams

This document discusses mathematical concepts related to sets and Venn diagrams. It defines key terms like elements, unions, intersections, differences and complements of sets. Unions represent elements in either or both sets, intersections are elements common to both sets, and differences are elements in one set but not the other. Venn diagrams provide a visual representation of relationships between multiple sets and their operations. Examples are given showing how these concepts apply to sets of friends who play different sports.

Uploaded by

Neri Sangalang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS IN THE

MODERN WORLD

Sets and Venn Diagrams


SET
{ALEX, BLAIR, C ASEY, DREW, ERIN, FRANCIS,
GLEN, HUNTER, IRA, JADE}

• Each friend is an "element" (or "member") of the


set.

• Alex, Casey, Drew and Hunter play Soccer:


• Soccer = {alex, casey, drew, hunter}
:

Casey, Drew and Jade play Tennis

Tennis = {casey, drew, jade}


Union
You can now list your friends that play Soccer OR
Tennis.
This is called a "Union" of sets and has the special
symbol ∪:
Soccer ∪ Tennis = {alex, casey, drew, hunter, jade}
• Venn Diagram

Union of 2 Sets

A Venn Diagram shows lots of information:


• Intersection
• "Intersection" is when you must be in BOTH sets.
• Soccer ∩ Tennis = {casey, drew}
• Difference
• You can also "subtract" one set from another.
• For example, taking Soccer and subtracting Tennis means people that play
Soccer but NOT Tennis ... which is Alex and Hunter.
• And this is how we write it:
• Soccer − Tennis = {alex, hunter}
• Venn Diagram: Difference of 2 Sets
• Summary
• ∪ is Union: is in either set or both sets
• ∩ is Intersection: only in both sets
• − is Difference: in one set but not the other
• Three Sets
• You can also use Venn Diagrams for 3 sets.
• Let us say the third set is "Volleyball", which drew, glen and jade
play:
• Volleyball = {drew, glen, jade}
 Drew plays Soccer,
Tennis and Volleyball.
 Jade plays Tennis and
Volleyball.
 Alex and Hunter play Soccer,
but don't play Tennis or
Volleyball
Unions and Intersections  no-one plays only Tennis

S = {alex, casey, drew, hunter}


This is the Union of Sets T and
V.
T ∪ V={casey, drew, jade, glen}

This is
the Intersection of
Sets S and V
S ∩ V = {drew}
• take the previous set S ∩ V
• then subtract T:
This is the Intersection of Sets S
and V minus Set T
(S ∩ V) − T = {}

The Empty Set has no elements: {}


Universal Set
• The Universal Set is the set that has everything.

U = {alex, blair, casey, drew, erin, francis, glen,


hunter, ira, jade}
U − S = {blair, erin, francis, glen,
ira, jade}
• Complement

Which means "everything


that is NOT in S

• Sc = {blair, erin, francis, glen, ira, jade}


(exactly the same as the U − S example from above)
• Summary
• ∪ is Union: is in either set or both sets
• ∩ is Intersection: only in both sets
• − is Difference: in one set but not the other
• Ac is the Complement of A: everything that is not in A
• Empty Set: the set with no elements. Shown by {}
• Universal Set: all things we are interested in
•
•

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