MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS AND MAGNETIC TORQUE

A PowerPoint presentation by :

Students of F16-Electrical Sec-III, MUET.

KUSH LOHANA (F16EL160) G.L

SIDDIQA BATOOL (F16EL153)
AHMED ZAMAN JATOI (F16EL154)
JAWAD SHAH (F16EL157)
HYDER WASSAN (F16EL159)
OBJECTIVES

• Concept of fields.

• Magnetic force on a moving charge in magnetic

field.
• Mechanism of force.

• Magnetic force on a differential current element.

• Magnetic torque and its applications

 OUR NEED TO INTRODUCE FIELDS
• The basic unit of electromagnetism is electric charge, either positive or negative. Like charges repel
and unlike attract. Every charge creates an electric field around it, which interacts with other
charged objects almost exactly the same way a large ,heavy object like earth can interact with a
lighter object a human via its gravitational field.

• Electromagnetic forces exist every where and all around us, but are invisible and intangible. Yet it is
electromagnetism almost behind every invention of the modern world, from modern world to iPods.
It is the theory which makes smart phone apps possible by describing the motion of electrons
flowing through a wire and allows us to send text messages by explaining how a cell phone antenna
can send data through air.
BASICS REVIEW:
• FIELD:
A field is a way of mapping forces surrounding any object that can act on another object at a distance
without apparent physical connection. Gravitational fields map gravitational forces, electric fields map
electrical forces, and magnetic fields map magnetic forces.

• Since magnetic forces act at a distance, we define a magnetic field to represent magnetic forces. The
pictorial representation of magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of
the magnetic field.
• MAGNITUDE OF MAGNETIC FIELD:
It is called field intensity which is strong where the magnetic lines are close to
each other and weak where magnetic lines are far . Magnetic field intensity α
CLOSENESS OF LINES.
 DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD:
• A Small compass pointing in the north direction when placed at a location defines the direction of
magnetic field . (a) If small compasses are used to map the magnetic field around a bar magnet, they
will point in the directions shown: away from the north pole of the magnet, toward the south pole of
the magnet. (Recall that the Earth’s north magnetic pole is really a south pole in terms of definitions
of poles on a bar magnet.) (b) Connecting the arrows gives continuous magnetic field lines. The
strength of the field is proportional to the closeness (or density) of the lines. (c) If the interior of the
magnet could be probed, the field lines would be found to form continuous closed loops.
IMPORTANT RULES:
• The direction of the magnetic field is tangent to the field line at any point in space. A small
compass will point in the direction of the field line.

• The strength of the field is proportional to the closeness of the lines. It is exactly
proportional to the number of lines per unit area perpendicular to the lines (called the
areal density).

• Magnetic field lines can never cross, meaning that the field is unique at any point in space.

• Magnetic field lines are continuous, forming closed loops without beginning or end. They
go from the north pole to the south pole.
MAGNETIC FORCE ON A MOVING
CHARGE:
• Magnetic force can cause a charged particle to move in a circular or spiral path.
• The magnitude of the magnetic force F on a moving charge q at the velocity V in a uniform magnetic
field of strength B is given by:

• or F= qVBsinθ
(where θ is the angle between directions of V and B).
• The SI unit for magnetic field strength is called the tesla (T).
IMPLICATIONS:
• The force is perpendicular to both the velocity and magnetic field.
• The magnetic force on a static charge or charge moving parallel to the field is zero.
DOES MAGNETIC FORCE DRIVE CIRCULAR MOTION OF CHARGE?
• Magnetic force is always perpendicular to velocity, so
that it does no work on the charged particle. The
particle’s kinetic energy and speed thus remain
constant. The direction of motion is affected, but not
the speed.
• A negatively charged particle moves in the plane of
the page in a region where the magnetic field is
perpendicular into the page.(Small circles with x’s
represent magnetic lines going into the board).
• The magnetic force is perpendicular to the velocity,
and so velocity changes in direction ,this causes
circular motion of the charge q.
DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC FORCE:
• The direction of force is always perpendicular to the plane
formed by V and B as determined by right hand rule (RHR)

• It states that, to determine the direction of the magnetic

force on a positive moving charge, you point the thumb of
the right hand in the direction of V, the fingers in the
direction of B , and a perpendicular to the palm points in
the direction of F.

• The force on a negative charge is in exactly the opposite

direction to that on a positive charge.
EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FORCE
EFFECT OF FORCE WHEN MOTION OF CHARGE IS NOT PERPENDICULAR:
• If the velocity is not perpendicular to the magnetic field, then V will
be the component of the velocity perpendicular to the field. The
component of the velocity parallel to the field is unaffected, since
the magnetic force is zero for motion parallel to the field. This
produces a spiral motion rather than a circular one.

• MAGNETIC MIRROR:
Lets suppose magnetic field becomes stronger at some point then it
will slow down the motion of charged particle and it will reverse its
motion which is called magnetic mirror.
 LORRENTZ FORCE LAW
• Both the electric field and magnetic field can be defined by lorrentz force law:

• This force is known as lorentz force.

• It defines the effect of force on a charge in presence of both electric and magnetic
fields.
• The direction of electric force is straightforward, being in the direction of electric
field but direction of magnetic part of the force is given by right hand rule.
INTERACTION OF FIELDS
 MECHANISM OF FORCE
How actually force is generated?
Magnetic Force on a current
Element
Consider a line conducting current in the presence of a magnetic field. We wish to find
the resulting force on the line. We can look at a small, differential segment dQ of
charge moving with velocity u, and can calculate the differential force on this charge
from
dF = dQ u �B
u velocity
The velocity can also be written
dQ segment
dL
u=
dt
Therefore
dQ
dF = dL �B
dt
Now, since dQ/dt (in C/sec) corresponds to the current I in the line, we have

dF = IdL �B (often referred to as the motor equation)

We can use to find the force from a collection of current elements, using the integral

F12 = �
I 2 dL 2 �B1 .
Magnetic Force – Two current Elements
Now let us consider a second line of current parallel to the first.
The force dF12 from the magnetic field of line 1 acting on a differential section of line 2
is
dF12 = I 2 dL 2 �B1

The magnetic flux density B1 for an infinite length line of

a = -ax
current is recalled from equation to be
m o I1 ρ=y
B1 = a
2pr
By inspection of the figure we see that ρ = y and a = -ax. Inserting this in
the above equation and considering that dL2 = dzaz, we have

mI mI
� � �
F12 = I 2 dL 2 �B1 = I 2 dza z � o 1 a = I 2 dza z � o 1 - a x
2pr 2pr

mo I1 I 2
F12 =
2p y
(
-a y )�
dz
 Magnetic Force on a current Element

To find the total force on a length L of line 2 from the field of line 1, we
must integrate dF12 from +L to 0. We are integrating in this direction to
account for the direction of the current.

m o I1 I 2
0

F12 =
2p y
( -a ) �
y
dz
L a = -ax

mo I1 I 2 L
= ay ρ=y
2p y
 Magnetic Force on a current
Element….

In the more general case where the two lines are not parallel, or not
straight, we could use the Law of Biot-Savart to find B1 and arrive at

mo dL 2 �( dL1 �a12 )
F12 = I 2 I1 �� R2
4p 12

This equation is known as Ampere’s Law of Force between a pair of current

carrying circuits and is analogous to Coulomb’s law of force between a pair of
charges.
Magnetic Dipole Moment
 What Is Magnetic Dipole?
• A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of electric current or a pair of
poles as the dimensions of the source are reduced to zero while keeping the
magnetic moment constant.
 What Is Magnetic Dipole Moment?
• The magnetic moment is a quantity that represents the magnetic
strength and orientation of a magnet or other object that produces a
magnetic field.

• The property of magnet that interacts with an applied field to give a

mechanical moment.

• Examples of objects that have magnetic moments include: loops

of electric current (such as electromagnets), permanent magnets,
elementary particles (such as electrons), various molecules, and many
astronomical objects (such as many planets, some moons, stars, etc).
 The SI Definition of Magnetic Moment
• If a magnet is placed in an external magnetic field B, it will experience a torque.

• The magnitude of the torque depends on the orientation of the magnet with respect to
the magnetic field.

• There are two oppositely-directed orientations in which the magnet will experience the
greatest torque, and the magnitude of the magnetic moment is defined as the maximum
torque experienced by the magnet when placed in unit external magnetic field. The
magnitude and direction of the torque is given by the equation
τ = p×B
The SI unit for magnetic moment is N m T−1 .
 Dependency Of Magnetic Field:

• The magnetic field of a magnetic dipole is proportional to its magnetic dipole

moment.

• The dipole component of an object's magnetic field is symmetric about the

direction of its magnetic dipole moment, and decreases as the inverse cube of
the distance from the object.
MAGNETIC TORQUE:
•A magnetic field exerts a force on a straight wire carrying current; it exerts
a torque on a loop of wire carrying current.

•Torque causes an object to spin around a fixed axis.

•Each loop of current has a direction associated with it: its normal vector is
perpendicular to the loop, in the direction given by the right thumb when the right
fingers curl in the direction of the current.

•A magnetic field exerts a torque which tries to align the normal vector of a loop of
current with the magnetic field.

•The size of the torque on a loop of current is torque =(# turns) * (current) *
(loop area) * (mag field) * sin(⊖) where theta is the angle between the
magnetic field and the loop's normal vector.
•A loop carrying direct current will not keep spinning in a constant magnetic field; it will instead just
wobble back and forth. DC motors must use a split-ring commutator to permit them to spin fully
around.

•It is possible to create a magnetic field by running a current through a wire -- showing the close
relationship between electricity and magnetism.
 APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC FORCE:
• An industrial application of magnetic force is an
electromagnetic crane that is used for lifting
metal objects.

• A door catch is a simple device that uses the

magnetic force of attraction to hold a door
closed.
 APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC FORCE:
• MRI scanners are magnetic reasoning image
machines which are used in hospitals to create 3D
images of body parts.
• The patient is put inside a large solenoid thus in a
uniform magnetic field.
• A solenoid is a current carrying multiple loop.
• The moving current generates a magnetic field.
Inside the loop a uniform magnetic field is
produced.
 APPLICATION OF lORRENTZ FORCE
ELECTRIC MOTOR:
• The lorrentz force makes the electric motor
work.
• The current moves inside a coil which is inside
a magnetic field.
• The lorrentz force pushes on the current in the
coil, which rotates the coil.
• Every half turn the direction of the current has
to be reversed so that the coil keeps running
and this is done by the commutator.
APPLICATIONS....