Scribd
Upload
939 views29 pages

Lecture 9 Measures of Variability

The document discusses various measures of variability used to describe the spread of data in a distribution, including range, mean absolute deviation (MAD), standard deviation, and variance. It provides formulas and examples to calculate each measure for both ungrouped and grouped data. The key measures are standard deviation, which is the average distance of data points from the mean, and variance, which is the average of the squared distances from the mean. These measures are important for understanding the reliability of data and performing other statistical analyses.

Uploaded by

Miguel Salazar II
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
939 views29 pages

Lecture 9 Measures of Variability

The document discusses various measures of variability used to describe the spread of data in a distribution, including range, mean absolute deviation (MAD), standard deviation, and variance. It provides formulas and examples to calculate each measure for both ungrouped and grouped data. The key measures are standard deviation, which is the average distance of data points from the mean, and variance, which is the average of the squared distances from the mean. These measures are important for understanding the reliability of data and performing other statistical analyses.

Uploaded by

Miguel Salazar II
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Measures of variability

Examine the three sets of data

Set A: 80, 82, 86, 89, and


93
Set B: 83, 85, 86, 87, and
89
Set C: 84, 85, 86, 87, and
88
What is variability
Variability

- It refers to how spread apart


the values/ observations of
the distribution are.
Measures of Variability

* Range
* Mean Absolute
Deviation
* Standard Deviation
* Variance
Range
It is the difference between the highest
value and the lowest value.

Formula:

R = highest value – lowest


value
Example 1:
Find the range of the following group
of numbers: 10, 12, 5, 15, 7, 13, 4.

Solution:

Range = 16 – 4 = 12
Mean Absolute Deviation
It is the average distance between
each observation and the mean.
Steps in Calculating the Mean Absolute Deviation:
1.)Calculate the mean
2.)Calculate how far away each value is from the
mean using positive distances. These are called
absolute deviations.
3.)Add those deviations together
4.)Divide the sum by the number of values.
Mean Absolute Deviation Formula
MAD = Σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
N
where:
MAD – mean absolute deviation
x – raw score
𝑥ҧ – mean score
N – number of observations
Example 2:

A group of mountaineers went on


hiking to Mt. Pulag, Philippines to
study the different species of plants
existing in that area. The ages of the
mountaineers are 34, 35, 45, 46, 49,
32. What is MAD of their ages?
Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data
It is the measure of the dispersion of a set
of data from its mean.
Population SD Formula:
2
σ(𝑥 −𝜇)
SD =
𝑛
where:
SD – standard deviation
x – sample scores
𝜇 – population mean
n – number of population
Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data
It is the measure of the dispersion of a set
of data from its mean.
Sample SD Formula:
2
σ(𝑥 −𝑥)ҧ
SD =
𝑛−1
where:
SD – standard deviation
x – sample scores
𝑥ҧ – sample mean
n – number of sample
Example 3:
A group of mountaineers went on
hiking to Mt. Pulag, Philippines to
study the different species of plants
existing in that area. The ages of the
mountaineers are 34, 35, 45, 46, 49,
32. What is the standard deviation of
their ages? Is the data homogeneous
or heterogeneous?
Example 4:
A customer group tested a sample of 8
size-D batteries from each of 3
companies. The results of the tests are
shown in the following table.
According to these tests, which
company produces batteries for which
the values representing hours of
constant use have the smallest
standard deviation?
Example 4:
Company Hours of constant use per battery

Ever So Bright 6.2, 6.4, 7.1, 5.9, 8.3, 5.3, 7.5, 9.3
Dependable 6.8, 6.2, 7.2, 5.9, 7.0, 7.4, 7.3, 8.2
Beacon 6.1, 6.6, 7.3, 5.7, 7.1, 7.6, 7.1, 8.5
Standard Deviation for Grouped Data
Formula:
σ 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 2 − Σ(𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 2 /𝑛]
SD=
𝑛 −1

where:
SD – sample standard deviation
f – frequency
x – class mark
n – number of sample
Example 5:
The scores of 44 students in a Math quiz are as follows:
Class Size Frequency
96 -98 1
93-95 2
90-92 3
87-89 4
84-86 3
81-83 5
78-80 5
75-77 6
72-74 4
69-71 4
66-68 2
63-65 2
60-62 1
57-59 2
Example 6:
The scores of 40 students in a 60-point quiz are as follows:
Class Size Frequency
53 - 58 3
47 – 52 4
41 – 46 1
35 – 40 2
29 – 34 10
23 – 28 11
17 – 22 4
11 – 16 3
5 – 10 2

Find the standard deviation.


Uses of Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation is computed and used
when:
1.) The most reliable measure of variability is
needed.
2.) The coefficient of correlation and other
statistics based on mean are to be
computed and used.
3.) The test scores of students are to be
transmuted into grades or school marks.
Variance
It is the average of the squares of the
distance each value from the mean.
Population Variance Formula:
2
σ(𝑥 −𝜇)
𝛿 =
2
𝑛
where:
𝛿 2 – population variance
x – sample scores
𝜇 – population mean
n – number of population
Example 7:
A testing lab wishes to test two
experimental brands of outdoor paint to
see how long each will last before fading.
The testing lad makes 6 gallons of each
paint to test. Since different chemical
agents are added to each group and only
six cans can involved, these two groups
constitute two small populations. The
result (in months) shown. Find the mean,
range, variance, and standard deviation.
Example 7:
Brand A Brand B
10 35
60 45
50 30
30 35
40 40
20 25
Standard Score (z-score)
It is the number of standard deviations
that x is above or below the mean of
the data.
Formula:
𝑥−𝜇
z=
𝜎
where:
𝑧 – standard score
𝜎 – population standard deviation
x – scores
𝜇 – population mean
Standard Score (z-score)
Formula:
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
z=
𝑆𝐷
where:
𝑧 – standard score
𝑆𝐷 – sample standard deviation
x – scores
𝑥ҧ – sample mean
Example 8:
Raul has taken two tests in his chemistry
class. He scored 72 on the first test, for
which the mean of all scores was 65 and
the SD was 8. He received a 60 on a second
test, for which the mean of all scores was
45 and the SD was 12. I comparison to
other students, did Raul do better on the
first test or the second test?
Note:

If z –score is positive, the score is


above the mean. If z-score is 0, the
score is the same as the mean, and
if z-score is negative, the score is
below the mean.
Example 9:
A customer group tested a sample of
100 light bulbs. It found that the mean
life expectancy of the bulbs was 842
hours with a standard deviation of 90.
One particular light bulb from the
Dura Bright Company had a z-score of
1.2. What was the life span of this light
bulb?
Example 10:

A student scored 65 on a Calculus test


that had a mean of 50 and a standard
deviation of 10; She scored 30 on a
history test with a mean of 25 and SD
of 5. Compare her relative positions on
the two tests.
Thank You

You might also like