CHAPTER 2: PRINCIPLE

OF HYDROSTATIC
BUENAAGUA, KIMBERLY R.
BULAWAN, LANIE
MARINAS, ERALYN
MIRANA, JEREMIAH
RESURRECCION, JOHN RECS
RONQUILLO, MARVIN
 PRESSURE

• Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or

gas on a body or surface, with the force, acting at right
angles to the surface uniformly in all directions.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒,𝐹
• 𝑃=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎,𝐴

• Units of pressure;
 Pounds per square inch (psi)
 Kilograms per square centimeters(𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 )
 Newtons per square meter/ Pascal(𝑁/𝑚2 )
PASCAL’S LAW

• Developed by French mathematician Blaise Pascal, states that the pressure on a fluid is equal in all
directions and in all parts of the container. The laws of fluid mechanics are observable in many
everyday situations. For example, the pressure exerted by water at the bottom of a pond will be
the same as the pressure exerted by water at the bottom of a much narrower pipe, provided
depth remains constant.
 ABSOLUTE AND GAGE PRESSURE

• Gage Pressure(Relative Pressure) –Gage pressures are pressures above or

below the atmosphere and can be measured by pressure gauges or
manometers. For small pressure differences, a U tube manometer is used. It consists of
a U-shaped tube with one end connected to the container and the other open to the
atmosphere. Filled with a liquid such as water, oil, or mercury, the difference in the liquid
surface levels in the two manometer legs indicates the pressure difference from local
atmospheric conditions. For higher pressure differences, a Bourdon gauge, named after
the French inventor Eugene Bourdon, is used. This consists of a hollow metal tube with
an oval cross section, bent in the shape of a hook. One end of the tube is closed, the
other open and connected to the measurement region.
PRESSURE GAGES

• are usually designed to measure pressures above or below the atmospheric pressure.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND VACUUM

• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on the earth’s surface from the
weight of the air above it. A vacuum is a space that has all matter removed from it. A
vacuum can also be described as a region of space where the pressure is less than the
normal atmospheric pressure of 760 mm (29.9 in) of mercury.
• Under normal conditions at sea level:

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚=2166 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
=14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
=29.9 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓
𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦(ℎ𝑔)
=760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
=101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

• Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolute

zero (vacuum).
𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
• Note:
 Absolute zero is attained if all air is removed. It is the lowest
possible pressure attainable.
 Absolute pressure can never be negative.
 The smallest gage pressure is equal to the negative of the
ambient atmospheric pressure.
MERCURY BAROMETER

• A mercury barometer is an accurate and relatively simple way to measure changes in

atmospheric pressure. At sea level, the weight of the atmosphere forces mercury 760 mm
(29.9 in)up a calibrated glass tube. Higher elevations yield lower readings because the
atmosphere is less dense there, and the thinner air exerts less pressure on the mercury.
ANEROID BAROMETER

• In an aneroid barometer, a partially evacuated metal drum expands or contracts in

response to changes in air pressure. A series of levers and springs translates the up and
down movement of the drum top into the circular motion of the pointers along the
aneroid barometer’s face.
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE

• Consider any two points , whose difference in elevation is h, to lie in the ends of an
elementary prism having a cross-sectional area a and a length of l. Since this prism is at
rest, all forces acting upon it must be in equilibrium.
• Note: Free liquid surface refers to liquid surface to zero gage pressure or with
atmospheric pressure only.
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉
𝑊 = 𝛾 𝑎𝑙
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹2 − 𝐹1 = 𝑊 sin 𝜃
𝑝2𝑎 − 𝑝1𝑎 = 𝛾 𝑎𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾𝐿 sin 𝜃 but 𝐿 sin 𝜃 = ℎ
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾ℎ

The difference in pressure between any two points in a homogeneous fluid at rest is equal
to the product of the unit weight of the fluid(𝛾) to the vertical distance(ℎ) between the
points.
• Also,
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 + 𝑤ℎ

• This means that any change in pressure at point 1 would cause an equal change at point 2.
Therefore; a pressure applied at any point in a liquid at rest is transmitted equally and
undiminished to every other point in the liquid.
• Let us assume that point 1 lie on the free liquid surface, then the gage pressure 𝑝1 is zero;
𝑝 = 𝑤ℎ

• This means that the pressure at any point “h” below a free liquid surface is equal to the product of the
unit weight of the fluid(𝛾) and h.
• Consider that point 1 and 2 lie on the same elevation, such that h=0;

𝑝2 = 𝑝1
• This means that the pressure along the same horizontal plane in a homogeneous fluid at rest are equal.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

• If the pressure in the air space above an oil (s=0.75) surface in a closed tank is 115 kPa absolute,
what is the gage pressure 2m below the surface?

𝑝 = 𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 + 𝛾ℎ Note: 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 115 − 101.325
𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 13.675 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑝 = 13.675 + 9.81𝑥0.75 2
𝑝 = 28.39 𝑘𝑃𝑎
• A pressure gage 6m above the bottom of the tank containing a liquid reads 90 kPa. Another
gage height 4 m reads 103 kPa. Determine the specific weight of the liquid.

𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾ℎ
103-90=𝛾(2)
𝛾=6.5 kN/𝑚3
• Determine the pressure in a vessel of mercury, specific gravity 13.6, at a point 20 cm below the
surface. Express the answer in N/𝑚2 .

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑝 = 13.6 9810 . 20)
𝑝 = 26, 683.2 𝑃𝑎
PRESSURE BELOW LAYERS OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

Air, Pressure=PA

Liquid 1

Liquid 2

Liquid 3
• Consider the tank shown to be filled with liquids of different densities and with air at the top
under a gage pressure of 𝑝𝐴 , the pressure at the bottom of the tank is;
𝑝𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = Σ𝛾ℎ + 𝑝 = 𝛾1 ℎ1 + 𝛾2 ℎ2 + 𝛾3 ℎ3 + 𝑝𝐴

PRESSURE HEAD
Pressure head is the height ”h” of a column of homogeneous liquid of unit weight 𝛾 that will
produce an intensity of pressure p.
𝑝
ℎ=
𝛾
TO CONVERT PRESSURE HEAD(HEIGHT) OF A LIQUID A TO LIQUID B
𝑠 𝑝 𝛾
ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝐴 𝑠𝐴 or ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝐴 𝑝𝐴 or ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝐴 𝛾𝐴
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵

To convert pressure head(height) of any liquid to water, just multiply its height by its specific
gravity.
ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 × 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
• In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and the absolute pressure at
the bottom of the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of olive oil?

Gage Pressure at the bottom of the tank, p=231.3-101.03

Gage Pressure at the bottom of the tank, p=130.27 kPa

𝑝 = Σ𝛾ℎ
𝑝 = 𝛾𝑚 ℎ𝑚 + 𝛾𝑜 ℎ𝑜 + 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙
130.27 = 9.81 × 13.6 0.4 + 9.81 × 𝑠 2.9 + 9.81 2.5 (1) + (9.81 × 0.89)(1.5)
S=1.38
• Determine the value of y in the manometer shown in the figure.

*summing-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water.

𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
+ 3 0.8 + 1.5 1 − 𝑦 13.6 =
𝛾 𝛾
5 𝑃𝐵
+ 3.9 − 13.6𝑦 =
9.81 𝛾
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝐵 = 0
𝑦 = 0.324𝑚
MANOMETER

• A manometer is a tube, usually bent in a form of a U, containing a liquid of known specific

gravity, the surface of which moves proportionally to changes of pressure. It is used to
measure pressure.
TYPES OF MANOMETER

• Open Type – has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of measuring gage
pressures.
• Differential Type – without an atmospheric surface and capable of measuring only
differences of pressure.
• Piezometer – The simplest form of open manometer. It is a tube tapped into a wall of a
container or conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure. The fluid in the container or
conduit rises in this tube to form a free surface.
TYPES OF MANOMETER

Open Type Manometer Piezometer Differential Manometer

• The liquid used in a manometer is usually heavier than the fluids to be measured. It
must form an unblurred interface, that is, it must not mix with the adjacent liquids (i.e.,
immiscible liquids).
• The most frequently used manometer liquids are:
mercury (sp. gr. = 13.6), water (sp. gr. = 1.00),
alcohol (sp. gr. = 0.9), and
other commercial manometer oils of various specific gravities (e.g., Meriam* Unit Oil,
sp. gr. = 1.00; Meriam No. 3 Oil, sp. gr. = 2.95; etc).
LIMITATIONS ON PIEZOMETER

• Large pressure in the lighter liquids require long tubes.

• Gas pressures can not be measured because gas can not form a surface.
STEPS IN SOLVING MANOMETER PROBLEMS

• Ordinarily, it is easier to work in units of pressure head rather than pressure for solving
any manometer problem.
1. Draw a sketch of the manometer approximately to scale.
2. Decide on the fluid of which head are to be expressed. Water is more desirable. In
most cases, we suggest to use head in water even if there is no water system.
3. Starting a point of know pressure head, number in order the levels of contact of fluids
of different specific gravities.
4. Proceed from level to level, add pressure head in going down and subtract pressure
head in going up with due regard to the specific gravity of the fluids.
Piston A has a cross-section of 1,200 sq. cm while that of piston B is 950 sq. cm. with the latter higher than
piston A by 1.75 m. If the intervening passages are filled with oil whose specific gravity is 0.8, what is the
difference in pressure between A and B.

𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾0 ℎ0
=(9810 x 0.8)(1.75)
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 13,734 Pa
• Two pipes on the same elevation convey water and oil of specific gravity 0.88 respectively. They
are connected by a U-tube manometer with the manometric liquid having a specific gravity of
1.25. If the manometric liquid in the limb connecting the water pipe in 2m higher than the other
find the pressure difference in two pipes.
Height difference=2m
Specific gravity of oil=0.88
Specific gravity of manometric liquid= 1.25
*Equating pressure head at section (A-A)
𝑝𝐴 + 2 × 1.25𝑝𝑤 𝑔 + ℎ − 2 𝑝𝑤 𝑔 = 𝑝𝐵 + ℎ × 0.88𝑝𝑤 𝑔
𝑝𝐴 + 2 × 1.25 998.2 + 5 − 2 998.2 = 𝑝𝐵 + 5 × 0.88 998.2
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 10791 𝑃𝑎
• An open manometer attached to a pipe shows a deflection of 150mmHg with the lower level of
mercury 450mm below the centerline of the pipe carrying water. Calculate the pressure at the
centerline of the pipe.

• *sum-up pressure head from 1 to 3 in meters of water;

𝑃1 𝑃3
+ 0.45 − 0.15 13.6 =
𝛾 𝛾
𝑃1
+ 0.45 − 2.04 = 0
9.81
𝑃1 = 15.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎
 CHAPTER 3:
TOTAL HYDROSTATIC
FORCE ON SURFACES
HYDROSTATIC FORCE
• Hydrostatic force refers to the total pressure acting on the layer or surface which is in touch with the
liquid or water at rest. If the liquid is at rest then there is no tangential force, and hence the total pressure
will act perpendicular to the surface with contact.

CENTER OF PRESSURE
• The location of total pressure is referred as the center of pressure which is always below the center of
gravity of the surface in contact.

FORCES ON THE HORIZONTAL PLANES

• Show the element submerged in the liquid distance

FORCES ON THE VERTICAL PLANES

• Show the element strip of surface area located at x from the free liquid surface.
Horizontal Surface Vertical Surface Inclined Surface
TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACE

• If the pressure over a plane area is uniform, as in the case of a horizontal surface submerged in a
liquid or a plane surface inside a gas chamber, the total hydrostatic force (or total pressure) is
equal to the product of the surface area and the pressure acting at the centroid of the
plane surface.
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴
𝑝= uniform pressure
A= area
• Pressure forces acting on a plane surface are distributed over every
part of the surface. They are parallel and act in a direction normal
to the surface. The resultant force also acts normal to the surface.
The point on the plane surface at which this resultant force acts is known
as the center of pressure.
• The center of pressure of any submerged plane surface is always below
the centroid of the surface.
In the case of an inclined or vertical plane submerged in a liquid, the total pressure can be
found by the following formula:
• Consider the plane surface shown inclined at an angle 𝜃 with the horizontal. To get the total
force F, consider a differential element of area 𝘥A. Since this element is horizontal the
pressure is uniform over this area, then;

𝘥F=𝑝𝘥A
Where;
𝑝=𝛾𝒉
𝑝=𝛾y sin 𝜃
dF=𝛾y sin 𝜃𝑑𝐴

න 𝑑𝐹 =𝛾 sin 𝜃 න 𝑦 𝑑𝐴

From Calculus, ‫𝐴 = 𝐴𝑑 𝑦׬‬ȳ

𝐹 = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝐴ȳ
𝐹 = 𝛾 (ȳsin 𝜃)𝐴
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴
From the figure, ȳsin 𝜃 = h Then,
• Since 𝛾ℎ is the unit pressure at the centroid of the plane area, the formula may also be
expressed as;
𝐹 = 𝑝𝑐𝑔 𝐴

𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴 is convenient to use if the plane is submerged in a single liquid and without gage
pressure at the surface of the liquid. However, if the plane is submerged under layers of
different liquids or if the gage pressure at the liquid surface is not zero, 𝐹 = 𝑝𝑐𝑔 𝐴 is easier to
apply.
 LOCATION OF F (𝑦𝑝 )

• In the figure, taking moment of force about S, (the intersection of the prolongation of the plane area and the liquid surface),

F𝑦𝑝 = න 𝑦𝑑𝐹

Where 𝑑𝐹 = 𝛾𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝐴
𝐹 = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝐴ȳ

𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝐴ȳ𝑦𝑝 = න 𝑦(𝛾𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝐴)

𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝐴ȳ𝑦𝑝 = 𝛾sin 𝜃 න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

From calculus, ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼𝑠 (moment of inertia about s)

𝐴ȳ𝑦𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠 Then; 𝐼𝑠
𝑦𝑝 =
𝐴Ȳ
• By transfer formula of moment of inertia:

𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴Ȳ2
𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴Ȳ2
𝑦𝑝 =
𝐴Ȳ
𝐼𝑔
𝑦𝑝 = Ȳ +
𝐴Ȳ
Since 𝑦𝑝 = Ȳ + 𝑒, from the figure, then

𝐼𝑔
Eccentricity, e=𝐴Ȳ
The centroid, area, and moment of inertia with respect to the centroid of some common geometrical plane
surfaces are given below.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

• A vertical rectangular plane height d and the base b is submerged in a liquid with its top edge at the liquid
surface. Determine the total force F acting on one side and its location from the liquid surface.
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴 𝐼𝑔 𝑦𝑝 = ℎ + 𝑒
𝑑 𝑒 =
𝐴ȳ 𝑑 𝑑
ℎ= 𝑦𝑝 = +
2 ȳ = ℎ = 𝑑/2 2 6
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 1 3 2𝑑
𝑏𝑑 𝑦𝑝 =
𝑑 𝑒= 12 3
𝐹=𝛾 (𝑏𝑑) 𝑑
2 𝑏𝑑 2
1 𝑑 Using the pressure diagram:
2 𝑒 =
𝐹 = 𝛾𝑏𝑑 6
2 F= Volume of pressure diagram
1 1
𝐹= 𝛾𝑑 𝑑 𝑏 = 𝛾𝑏𝑑 2
2 2
The location of F is at the centroid of the pressure diagram.
• A vertical triangular surface of height d and horizontal base width b is submerged in a liquid with its
vertex at the liquid surface. Determine the total force F acting on one side and its location from the
liquid surface.

• 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴 𝐼𝑔 𝑦𝑝 = ℎ + 𝑒
𝑒=
𝐴ȳ 2 𝑑
2 2𝑑 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑑 +
ℎ= 𝑑 3 12
3 ȳ=ℎ= 3𝑑
3 𝑦 =
1 1 3
𝑝
4
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑
2 𝑒 = 36
1 2𝑑
2 1 2𝑏𝑑 3 Using the pressure diagram.
𝐹=𝛾 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑
F=Volume of pressure diagram
3 2 𝑒=
12 1
1 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐹= 𝛾𝑏𝑑 2 3
3 1 1
𝐹 = 𝑏 × 𝛾𝑑 𝑑 = 𝛾𝑏𝑑 2
3 3
F is located at the centroid of the diagram, which is ¼ of the altitude from
the base
• A vertical triangular gate with top base horizontal and 1.5 wide is 3m high. It is submerged in oil having a
sp. Gr. Of 0.82 with its top base submerged to a depth of 2m. Determine the magnitude and location of
the total hydrostatic pressure acting on one side of the gate.

𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴 𝐼𝑔
𝑒=
𝐴ȳ
1 1
ℎ =2+ 3 (1.5)(3) 3
3 𝑒 = 36
ℎ = 3𝑚 = ȳ 1
1.5 3 3
2
1 𝑒 = 0.167 𝑚
𝐹 = 9.81 0.82 3 1.5 3
2
𝐹 = 54.3 𝑘𝑁
𝑦𝑝 = ℎ + 𝑒
𝑦𝑝 = 3 + 0.167
𝑦𝑝 = 3.167𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON CURVED
SURFACES
• The hydrostatic force on a curved surface can be best analyzed by resolving the
total pressure force on the surface into its horizontal and vertical
components. (Remember that hydrostatic pressure acts normal to a submerged
surface.)
• Then combine these forces to obtain the resultant force and its direction.
HORIZONTAL FORCE ON CURVED SURFACE
• The vertical plane shall be considered to determine the horizontal force, which is the vertical
projection of the curved surface generally rectangle. But in case of hemispherical or spherical, it
becomes circular shape.
𝐹𝐻 = 𝛾𝐴ℎ

VERTICAL FORCE ON CURVED SURFACE

• It is the weight of the liquid acting on the curved surface in contact with the liquid which may be in
upward direction due to buoyancy or downward direction due to the weight of the fluid.
𝐹𝑉 = 𝛾𝐴𝐿
 TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON CURVED
SURFACES
CASE I: Fluid is above the curved surface
Horizontal Component (𝑹𝑯 ):
The resultant horizontal force of a fluid above a curved surface is:
𝑹𝑯 = Resultant force on the projection of the curved surface
onto a vertical plane (i.e. along line AC in the figure).
We know that the force must be normal to the plane, so if we
take the vertical plane, the force will act horizontally through the
center of pressure of the projected vertical plane as shown in
figure below, and we can use pressure diagram method.
Vertical Component (𝑹𝑽 ):
Because the fluid is at rest, there are no shear forces
on the vertical edges, so the vertical component can
only be due to the weight of the fluid. The resultant
vertical force of a fluid above a curved surface is:
𝑹𝑽 = Weight of fluid directly above the curved
surface and will act vertically downward through the
center of gravity of the mass of fluid as shown in
figure below.

𝑹𝑽 =Weight of fluid above the curved

surface=ρgV=γV
Resultant Force (R):
The overall resultant force is found by combining the vertical and
horizontal components vectorialy:

2
𝑅= 𝑅𝐻 + 𝑅𝑉2

This resultant force acts through point O at an angle (θ) with 𝑹𝑯

The position of O is the point of intersection of the horizontal line of
action of R and the vertical line of action of 𝑹𝑽 as shown in figure
below.

𝑅𝑉
𝑅𝜃𝑥 =
𝑅𝐻
 CASE II: FLUID IS BELOW THE CURVED SURFACE

The calculation of horizontal force 𝑅𝐻 is the same as case I, but calculation of

vertical force 𝑅𝑉 will differ from case I.
Vertical force component in case of fluid below curved surface:
If the curved surface AB is removed, the area ABDE will replaced by the fluid and
the whole system would be in equilibrium.
Thus the force required by the curved surface to maintain equilibrium is equal to
that force which the fluid above the surface would exert (weight of fluid
above the curved surface). I.e.
The resultant vertical force of a fluid below a curved surface is:
𝑅𝑉 = Weight of the imaginary volume of fluid vertically above the curved surface.
CASE III: FLUID BELOW AND ABOVE THE CURVED SURFACE
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

• An inclined, circular gate with water on one side is

shown in the figure. Determine the total resultant force
acting on the gate.
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴
ℎ = 2 + 0.5 sin 60
ℎ = 2.433
𝜋
𝐹 = 9.81(2.433) (1)2
4
𝐹 = 18.746𝑘𝑁
In the figure shown, the 1.20 m diameter cylinder, 1.20m long is acted upon by water on the left and oil
having sp.gr. Of 0.80 on the right. Determine the components of the reaction at B if the cylinder weighs
19.62kN.
𝐹𝐻1 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴
𝐹𝐻1 = 9.81 1.2 1.2 × 1.2 [Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0]
𝐹𝐻1 − 𝐹𝐻2 − 𝑅𝐵𝐻 = 0
𝑭𝑯𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟓𝒌𝑵 𝑅𝐵𝐻 = 16.95 − 6.78
𝐹𝑉1 = 𝛾𝑉1 𝑹𝑩𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵
[Σ𝐹𝑉 = 0]
1
𝐹𝑉1 = 9.81( ( 𝜋 0.6)2 1.2 𝐹𝑉1 + 𝐹𝑉2 + 𝑅𝐵𝑉 − 𝑊 = 0
2 𝑅𝐵𝑉 = 19.62 − 6.657 − 5.32
𝑭𝑽𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑵 𝑹𝑩𝑽 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝐹𝐻2 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴
𝐹𝐻2 = 9.81 0.8 0.6 1.2 1.2 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑵
1
𝐹𝑉2 = 𝛾𝑉2 = (9.81 × 0.8)( 𝜋(0.6)2 (1.2)
2
𝑭𝑽𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵
 QUIZ:

1. At what depth in a stand pipe containing water is the pressure 200 kPa?
2. It is an accurate and relatively simple way to measure changes in atmospheric pressure.
3. A pressure gage on the discharge side of a pump reads 300 kPa. Oil(sp gr. 0.82) is being
pumped. Compute the pressure in meters of oil.
4. The right limb of a simple U-tube manometer containing mercury is open to the
atmosphere while the left limb is connected to a pipe in which a fluid of sp. Gr. 0.9 is
flowing. The center of the pipe is 12 cm below the level of mercury in the right limb.
Find the pressure of fluid in the pipe if the difference of mercury level in the two limbs
is 20 cm.
5. It is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with the
force, acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all directions.
 QUIZ:

6. Find the magnitude and location of the force exerted by water on one
side of the vertical annular disk shown.
7.
ANSWERS:

𝑝 200
1. ℎ = 𝛾 ℎ=
9.81
ℎ = 20.39 𝑚
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

2. Mercury barometer
𝑝 300
3. ℎ = 𝛾 ℎ=
0.82(9.81)
ℎ = 37.3 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙

4. Equating the pressure above A-A, we get

𝑝 + 𝑝1 𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑝2 𝑔ℎ2 𝑝 + 900 × 9.81 × 0.08 = 13600 × 9.81 × 0.2 𝑝 = 2.597𝑁/𝑚2
5. Pressure
6. 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴 𝐹 = 9.81(𝜋(1.5)2 − 𝜋(1)2 𝐹 = 154.1𝑘𝑁
𝜋 4 −𝜋(1)4
𝐼𝑔 4
(1.5) 4
𝑒= 𝑒= 𝑒 = 0.203𝑚
𝐴ȳ 𝜋((1.5) − 1 2 )(4)
2

𝑦𝑝 = 4 + 0.203 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟎𝟑 𝒎 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘. 𝒔.

7.