TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Kinds of transcendental functions:

1. logarithmic and exponential functions
2. trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
functions

Note:
Each pair of functions above is an inverse to each
other.
DIFFERENTIATION OF
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
SOME LOGARITHMS OF KNOWN BASES:
NATURAL LOGARITHMS
Logarithms to the base e = 2.718 are called natural
logarithms (from the Latin word Logarithmic
Naturalis or Napieran logarithms).
log e x  ln x
COMMON LOGARITHMS
Logarithms to the base 10 are called common
logarithms.
log 10 x  log x
For positive numbers M , N , p, and a  1
1. log a MN  log a M  log a N
Note : log a  M  N   log a M  log a N  not distributi ve
M
2. log a  log a M  log a N
N
M log a M
Note : log a   not a quotient of 2 logarithms 
N log a N
3. log a N p  plog a N
1
p 1
4. log a N  log a N  log a N
p
5. log a 1  0
p
6. log a a  1 7. log a a p  p
8. If log a x  log a y , then x y
 DIFFERENTIATION FORMULA
Derivative of Logarithmic Function
The derivative of the logarithmic function for any
given base and any differentiable function of u
For any given base a :
d 1 du
(log a u )  log a e ; where u  f(x)
dx u dx

For base  e :
d 1 du
(log e u )  log e e but log e e  1 and log e u  ln u
dx u dx
d 1 du
(ln u )  ; where u  f(x)
dx u dx
A. Find the derivative of each of the following natural
logarithmic functions and simplify the result:
1. y  ln  4 x  1

2. f ( x )  ln  1  2 x 
3

3. f  x   ln  3x2  1   3  5 x 
4
x
4. h x   ln
3 x
ln 4 x 2  1
5. g  x  
ln x 3
B. Differentiate the following logarithmic functions.
1. y  log 2 3 x
2. h x   log 2 3  log 2 x 2
3. f  y   log 2 3 y 2
4  3z 2
4. H  z   log 5
z 1
 t  3 2t  3 2
5. G  t   log
3t  1
2

 DIFFERENTIATION OF
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
 .

The EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

The exponentia l function with base a, a  0 and

a  1, is defined by y  a x where x is a real number.
Since the exponentia l function is the inverse of
logarithmi c function, y  a x may also be written as
x  log a y .
Laws of Exponents
.

1. a m  a n  a m  n

 a m n , if mn
am 

2. n  1 , if mn
a 
1
 , if mn
 a n-m


3.  a m 
n
 a mn

4.  ab  n  a nb n
n an
a
5.    n
b b
6. a0  1 , provided a  0
 1 n  m  m
1 n
7. a m n  a
   a 
   
8. a loga x  x
9. if a x  a y then x  y
 DIFFERENTIATION FORMULA
Derivative of Exponential Function
The derivative of the exponential function for
any given base and any differentiable function of u.

For any given base a :

d u du
( a )  a  ln a 
u
; where u  f(x)
dx dx

For base  e :
d u du
( e )  eu ; where u  f(x)
dx dx
EXAMPLE:
A. Find the derivative of each of the following
and simplify the result:
3. h  x   4 x 2 e 1 / x
3 x 2
1. f  x   e
f '  x  e 3 x2
6 x  2 1/ x   1  1/ x 
 
h'  x   4  x e  2   e  2 x  
f '  x   6 xe 3 x2
 x  
h'  x   4e1 / x   1  2 x 
2. g  x   e 1 2 x

2 h'  x   4 e1 / x  2 x  1
g'  x   e 1 2 x

2 1  2x
e 1 2 x 1  2x
g'  x    
1  2x 1  2x
1 2 x
e 1  2x
g'  x   
1  2x
 2
4. y  73x 4 x 5
2 d
y'  7 3 x 4 x5 ln7   3 x 2  4 x  5 
dx  
2
y'  7 3 x 4 x5 ln7 6 x  4
2
y'  2 3 x  2ln7 7 3 x 4 x5

2
5. h x   ln43x
d  43 x2  2
dx 
 h x   ln 4 3 x
h' ( x ) 
43 x 2 h x   3 x 2 ln 4
2 d
4 3 x ln 4   3 x 2 
h'  x   dx   OR h'  x    3 ln 4 
d  2
x 
dx  
2
43x
h'  x    3 ln 4  2 x
h'  x   ln 4 6 x
h'  x   6 x ln 4 h'  x   6 x ln 4
6. f  x   23 x  5 x
4 2
f  x  2 3 x4
5 x2
OR
f '  x  23 x
4 d x2
5  5x  
2 d
23 x
4
  ln f  x   ln 2  3 x4
5 x2

dx dx
ln f  x   ln 2 3 x4
 ln 5 x2

4
 2
 
f '  x   2 3 x 5 x  ln 5  2 x  5 x 2 3 x  ln 2  12 x 3
2 4
 ln f  x   3 x 4 ln 2  x 2 ln 5
f '  x
f '  x   2 x 2 3 x 5 x ln 5  6 x 2 ln 2  
  3 ln 2  4 x 3   ln 5   2 x 
4 2

f  x
f '  x

f '  x   2 3 x 15 x ln 5  6 x 2 ln 2 x
4 2
 f  x

 2 x 6 x 2 ln 2  ln 5 
3 x4 x2
f ' ( x )  2  5  2 x 6 x 2 ln 2  ln 5  
f '  x  2 3 x 4 1 x 2

5 6 x 2 ln 2  ln 5 x 
Logarithmic Differentiation
Oftentimes, the derivatives of algebraic functions
which appear complicated in form (involving
products, quotients and powers) can be found
quickly by taking the natural logarithms of both
sides and applying the properties of logarithms
before differentiation. This method is called
logarithmic differentiation.
Steps in applying logarithmic differentiation.

1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides and

apply the properties of logarithms.
2. Differentiate both sides and reduce the right
side to a single fraction.
3. Solve for y’ by multiplying the right side by y.
4. Substitute and simplify the result.

Logarithmic differentiation is also applicable whenever

the base and its power are both functions.
EXAMPLE:
 x  3  x  1
1

 using logarithmi c differenti ation 

2
dy 2
1. Find if y 
dx 5x  2
Solution :

x
 3  x  1
1

 ln  x 2  3   ln  x  1  ln  5 x  2 
2
2 1
ln y  ln
5x  2 2
y' 1
 2  2 x   1  1  1  1  5 
y x 3 2 x1 5x  2
   
y' 2 x 2  x  1 5 x  2   x 2  3  5 x  2   5 2  x 2  3  x  1

y  
2 x 2  3  x  1 5 x  2 
y' 20 x 3  8 x 2  20 x 2  8 x  5 x 3  2 x 2  15 x  6  10 x 3  10 x 2  30 x  30

y  
2 x 2  3  x  1 5 x  2 
y' 15 x 3  23 x  36

 
y 2 x 2  3  x  1 5 x  2 
 15 x 3  23 x  36
y'  y
 
2 x  3  x  1 5 x  2 
2

 
1
15 x  23 x  36
3
x  3  x  1
2
2
y'  
 
2 x  3  x  1 5 x  2 
2
5x  2

15 x 3  23 x  36
y'  1
2 x  1  5 x  2 
2
2
 EXAMPLE:
2. Find
dy
dx
if y  5 x 2  1 4 x 3  3     using logarithmi c differenti ation 
Solution :

     
1
1
ln y  ln x 2  1 4 x 3  3 5  ln x 2  1 4 x 3  3
5
1
ln y 
5
 
ln x 2  1  ln 4 x 3  3   
y' 1  1
  2  2 x   31 12 x 2   
y 5  x 1  4x  3   

y' 1  2 x 4 x 3  3  12 x 2 x 2  1 
 
  
y 5 
x2  1 4 x3  3

  
y' 1  8 x 4  6 x  12 x 4  12 x 2  1  20 x 4  12 x 2  6 x 
    2
y 5 
x  1 4x  1
2 3
 
5  x  1 4 x 3
 1 
   
 
1  2x 10x 3  6x  3
y'   2
   y
 
5  x  1 4x 3  3  

1  2x 10x 3  6x  3
y'   2
   x 2  14x3  315
 
5  x  1 4x 3  3  
     
1
1 1
y'  2 x 10 x 3  6 x  3  x 2  1 4 x 3  3 5
5

     
4
2 
y'  x 10 x 3  6 x  3  x 2  1 4 x 3  3 5
5
Logarithmic differentiation is also applicable whenever
the base and its power are both functions. (Variable
to variable power.)
Example:
dy
1. Find if y  x x
dx
ln y  ln x x
ln y  x ln x
1 1
y'  x  1  ln x 1
y x
y'   1  ln x  y  but y  x x

 y'   1  ln x   x x 
 dy
if y   2 x  1
x 1
2. Find
dx
ln y  ln  2 x  1
x 1

ln y   x  1 ln  2 x  1
1 1
y'   x  1  2   ln 2 x  1 1
y 2x  1
1 2 x  1
y'   ln  2 x  1
y 2x  1
 2 x  1 
 ln  2 x  1  y  but y   2x  1
x -1
y'  
 2x  1 
 2 x  1   2 x  1 ln  2 x  1 
y'     2x  1 x -1

 2x  1
y'   2 x  1   2 x  1 ln  2 x  1   2x  1
x -1-1

 y'   2 x  1   2 x  1 ln  2 x  1   2x  1
x-2
3. y   4  3x  x 1

ln y  ln  4  3 x 
x 1

ln y  x  1 ln  4  3 x 
1  1
y'  x  1   3   ln  4  3 x   1 
y  4  3x   2 x 1 
1  3 x  1 ln  4  3 x 
y'  
y 4  3x 2 x 1
1  6  x  1   4  3 x  ln  4  3 x 
y' 
y 2 4  3 x  x  1
  6  x  1   4  3 x  ln  4  3 x  
  y   but y   4  3 x 
x 1
y'  
 2 4  3 x  x  1 
  6  x  1   4  3 x  ln  4  3 x  
 4  3 x 
x 1
y'  
 2 4  3 x  x  1 
  6  x  1   4  3 x  ln  4  3 x  
 y'     4  3x x 1 1

 2 x 1 
DIFFERENTIATION OF
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
 The TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
.
Re call :
Trigonomet ric Identities
A. Re ciprocal Identities C . Double Angle Formulas
1 1 1. sin 2 x  2sinxcosx
1. sin x   csc x 
csc x sin x 2. cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
1 1
2. cos x   sec x   1  2 sin 2 x
sec x cos x
sin x 1  2 cos 2 x  1
3. tan x  
cos x cot x 2 tan x
3. tan 2 x 
cos x 1 1  tan 2 x
4. cot x  
sin x tan x
B . Sum and Difference of Two Angles D . Squared Identities
1. sin  x  y   sin x cos y  cos x sin y 1. sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
2. cos  x  y   cos x cos y sin x sin y 2. 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x
tan x  tan y 3. 1  cot 2 x  csc 2 x
3. tan  x  y  
1 tan x tan y
 DIFFERENTIATION FORMULA
Derivative of Trigonometric Function
For the differentiation formulas of the trigonometric
functions, all you need to know is the differentiation
formulas of sin u and cos u. Using these formulas
and the differentiation formulas of the algebraic
functions, the differentiation formulas of the
remaining functions, that is, tan u, cot u, sec u and
csc u may be obtained.
Derivative of sinu whereu  f  x 
d
 sin u   cos u du
dx dx
of cosu whereu  f  x 
Derivative
d du
 cos u    sin u
dx dx
 of tanu whereu  f  x 
Derivative
d d  sin x 
 tan x    
dx dx  cos x 
U sin g derivative of quotient,
d d
d
 cosx   sin x    sinx   cos x 
 tan x   dx dx
dx  cosx  2

 cosx  cosx    sinx   sin x 
cos 2 x
cos 2 x  sin 2 x 1
 
cos 2 x cos 2 x
d
 tan x   sec 2 x
dx

d 2 du
Therefore  tanu  sec u
dx dx
 of cotu whereu  f  x 
Derivative
d d  1 
 cot x    
dx dx  tan x 

U sin g derivative of quotient,

d
0   1  tan x 
d
 tan x   dx 
0   1 sec 2
x
dx  tanx  2  tanx  2
1

 sec 2 x cos 2
x   1  csc 2 x
 
tan 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
cos 2 x
d
 cot x   - csc 2 x
dx

d du
Therefore  cot u  - csc2u
dx dx
 of secu whereu  f  x 
Derivative
d d  1 
 sec x    
dx dx  cos x 

U sin g derivative of quotient,

d
0   1  cos x 
d 0   1  sin x 
 tan x   dx 
dx  cosx  2
 cosx  2
 sin x sin x 1
 2
   tan x sec x
cos x cos x cos x

d
 sec x   tan x sec x
dx

d du
Therefore  sec u  tanusec u
dx dx
 of csc u whereu  f  x 
Derivative
d
 csc x   d  1 
dx dx  sin x 

U sin g derivative of quotient,

d
0   1  sin x 
d 0   1 cos x 
 csc x   dx 
dx  sin x  2  sin x  2
 cos x  cos x 1
 2
    cot x csc x
sin x sin x sin x

d
 csc x    cot x csc x
dx

d du
Therefore  csc u  - cot u csc u
dx dx
SUMMARY:
If u is a differentiable function of x, then the
following are differentiation formulas of the
trigonometric functions

d
 sin u   cos u du d
 cot u    csc u
2 du
dx dx dx dx
d
d
 cos u    sin u du  sec u   tan u sec u du
dx dx dx dx
d
 tan u   sec 2 u du d
 csc u    cot u csc u du
dx dx dx dx
A. Find the derivative of each of the following
functions and simplify the result:
1. f  x   2 sin 3 x 
3. h x   cos 2 1  3 x 2 
f '  x   2 cos 3 x  3   
h x   cos 1  3 x 2  2

 6 cos 3 x h'  x   2cos 1  3 x    sin 1  3 x    6 x 

2 2

 6 x 2 cos 1  3 x   sin 1  3 x  
2 2

2. g  x   e sin x
fromsin2x  2sinxcosx

g'  x   e sin x d
sin x h'  x   6 x sin 21  3 x 2 
dx
1
 e sin x
 cos x 
2 x
e sin x
 cos x x x e sin x
 cos x
g'  x    
2 x x 2x
4. y  3 sin 4 x 3 cos 4 x 3

      
y'  3 sin 4 x 3  sin 4 x 3 12 x 2  cos 4 x 3 cos 4 x 3 12 x 2 
fromcos2x  cos2x  sin2x


y'  36 x 2 cos 2 4 x 3  
y'  36 x 2 cos 8 x 3
 x
5. f  x   2 tan  x
2
 x  1 
f '  x   2 sec 2    1
 2  2 

x
f '  x   sec  1
2

2
x
f '  x   tan 2
2
6. y   sec 2 x  cos 2 x
Apply ln on both sides
ln y  ln  sec 2 x 
cos 2 x

ln y  cos 2 x ln  sec 2 x 
By logarithmi c differenti ation
 1
1
 y'   cos 2 x    sec 2 x  tan 2 x  2     ln  sec 2 x    sin 2 x 2 
y  sec 2 x 
1  2 sin 2 x 
 y'   cos 2 x     2 sin 2 x ln sec 2 x
y  cos 2 x 
  2 sin 2 x   1  ln sec 2 x 

y'   2 sin 2 x   1  ln sec 2 x   y

y'   2 sin 2 x  1  ln sec 2 x  sec 2 x 

cos 2 x
 2 cot x
7. h x  
1  cot 2 x

h'  x  
1  cot x 2  csc x 1    2 cot x  2 cot x    csc x  1 
2 2 2

1  cot x  2 2

2 cot x  1  cot x
2
2 csc x

h' x   2 2

1  cot x 
2 2

cot x  1
2
2 csc x
 2

 csc x 
2 2

2 cot x  1  cos x 
  2 sin x 
2 2
h'  x   2
 1
 sin 2 x 
csc 2 x  
 cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
h'  x    2 sin x 
2
2

 sin x 

h'  x   2 cos 2 x
 DIFFERENTIATION OF
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
The INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Re call .

Definition s and Properties of Inverse Trigonomet ric Functions

 if y is a function of x determined by the relation
sin y  x  y is called the inverse sine function of x
denoted by y  arcsin x or y  sin -1 x
 This also mean y is the angle whose sine is x.
In general, these are the following definition s :
y  sin 1x  if sin y  x where : - π/2  y  π/2
y  cos 1x  if cos y  x where : 0  y π
y  tan 1x  if tan y  x where : - π/2  y  π/2
y  cot 1x  if cot y  x where : 0  y π
y  sec -1x  if sec y  x where : 0  y  π/2 if x  1
or π/2  y   if x  -1
y  csc 1x  if csc y  x where : 0  y  π/2 if x  1
π
or -  y 0 if x  -1
2
 DIFFERENTIATION FORMULA
Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Function
In finding the derivative of y  sin -1 x , we use the definition of inverse trigonomet ric
 
function  sin y  x where -  y 
2 2
Differentia ting with respect to y :
dx dy 1
cos y  or 
dy dx cos y
from the identity : cos y  1 - sin 2 y  1 - x 2
dy 1 d  sin -1 x  1
 but y  sin x 
-1

dx 1 - x2 dx 1 - x2
Therefore sin-1u  
d 1 du
dx 1 - u 2 dx

In similar manner we can derive the formulas for the other

trigonomet ric functions.
 DIFFERENTIATION FORMULA
Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Function
Differenti ation formulas for inverse trigonomet ric functions :

1.
d
dx
 
sin 1 u 
1 du
1  u 2 dx

2.
d
dx
 
1
cos u  
1 du
1  u 2 dx

3.
d
dx
 
tan 1 u 
1 du
1  u 2 dx
4.
d
dx
 
cot 1 u  
1 du
1  u 2 dx
5.
d
dx
 
sec 1 u 
1 du
u u 2  1 dx
6.
d
dx
 
csc 1 u  
1 du
u u 2  1 dx
EXAMPLE:
A. Find the derivative of each of the following
functions and simplify the result:

1. f  x   sin 1 x 3

f'(x) 
1
3x 
2

 
1  x3
2

3x 2
f'  x  
1  x6

3x 2 1  x6
f'  x   
1x 6
1  x6

3x 2 1  x 6
f'  x  
1  x6
2. y  sec 1 2 x 2  3. y  2 cos 1 x

y' 
1
 4x  1  1 
y'  2   
 2x 
 x
2 2
2x 2 1 2
2 x 
1
2
y'  1 1
x 4x 4 1 y'  
1x  x x 1  x 
2 4x 4 1
y'  
x 4x 1 4
4x 4 1 1 x 1 - x 
y'  
2 4x 4 1 x 1 - x  x 1 - x 
y' 
x 4x 4 1 
 x 1 - x 
y' 
x 1 - x 
4. g t   sec 1 5t  csc 1 5t
1 ( 1)
g' t   5   5 
5t 25t 1 2
5t 25t 1
2

g' t   0

2
5. g x   cot 1

x
1 2 2 2
g'  x   2  2 
  g'  x   2
 2   x   1  4   x 2 x 4
1   2
 x  x 
6. f  x   x 2 tan1  3x 
 1 
f  x   x 
2
 3 
  tan 1
3x  2x
 1   3x
2

 3x 
f  x   x  2 tan 1
3 x 
 1 9x
2

 3 x  21  9 x 2  tan 1 3 x  
f  x   x 
 1 9x 2

5
7. y  Sec 1 (csc )
x
5 5 5 
 csc cot  2  2 2
x x x   5  5 5
y'  but ,  csc   1   cot   cot
5  5
2
 x  x x
csc  csc   1
x  x
5
y  2
'