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Computer Networks and Data Communication

This document discusses different networking devices and their functions. It describes repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and gateways. Repeaters regenerate signals to extend cable lengths. Hubs copy frames to all ports, creating a single collision domain. Bridges segment networks into separate collision domains and perform frame filtering. Switches operate at the data link layer, can check MAC addresses, and filter frames to appropriate ports. Routers connect different networks, operate at network layer, and change layer 2 addresses when forwarding packets between networks. The document also discusses virtual LANs which use software to logically group users across different switches.

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Azka Malick
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52 views20 pages

Computer Networks and Data Communication

This document discusses different networking devices and their functions. It describes repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and gateways. Repeaters regenerate signals to extend cable lengths. Hubs copy frames to all ports, creating a single collision domain. Bridges segment networks into separate collision domains and perform frame filtering. Switches operate at the data link layer, can check MAC addresses, and filter frames to appropriate ports. Routers connect different networks, operate at network layer, and change layer 2 addresses when forwarding packets between networks. The document also discusses virtual LANs which use software to logically group users across different switches.

Uploaded by

Azka Malick
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks and Data

Communication

Connecting Devices and VLANs

Dr. Ramesh Kumar


Assistant Professor
Electronic Engineering Department, DUET
Karachi
Networking Devices
• Host/LANs don’t operate in isolation
• Need connecting devices
— To connect hosts together to make a network
— To connect networks together to make an internet
• Connecting devices can operate in different layers
of the Internet model

2
Devices Types
• Six types of connecting devices
• Repeaters
• Hubs
• Bridges
• Switches
• Routers
• Gateway

3
Devices Types

4
Repeater
• A physical layer device the acts on bits stream
• When a bit (0,1) arrives, the repeater receives it
and regenerates it, the transmits it
• Used in LAN to connect cable segments and extend
the maximum cable length
—Ethernet 10base5 – Max. segment length 500m – 4
repeaters (5 segments) are used to extend the cable
to 2500m)
—Ethernet 10Base2- Max. segment length 185m - 4
repeaters (5 segments) are used to extend the cable
to 925m

5
Repeater

6
Hub
• Ethernet LANs use star topology
• A hub is a multiport device for star topology
• Can be used to serve as the connecting point and at
the same time function as a repeater
• Does not do filtering (forward a frame into a specific
destination or drop it) just it copy the received
frame onto all other links
• Hub forms a single collision & a Broadcast domain
— Collision domain: is that part of the network (set of NICs)
when two or more nodes transmit at the same time
collision will happen.
— Broadcast domain: is that part of the network (set of NIC)
where each NIC can 'see' other NICs' traffic broadcast
messages
7
Hub
• Broadcast frames to all outgoing ports

8
Bridge
• Acts on the data link layer & Physical layer
• Used to divide (segment) the LAN into smaller LANs
segments
• Each LAN segment is a separate collision domain
• Bridge does not send the received frame to all other
interfaces like hubs, but it performs filtering which
means:
— Whether a frame should be forwarded to another interface
that leads to the destination or dropped
• This is done by a bridge table (forwarding table)
• The bridge table is initially empty & filled automatically
by learning from frames movements in the network
9
Bridge

10
Link-layer Switch
• It operates in both physical and data-link layers
• Physical-layer: It regenerates the signal it receives
• Link-layer: Switch can check the MAC addresses
(source and destination) contained in the frame

11
Link-layer Switch
• Switch has filtering capability.
— It can check the destination address of a frame and can
decide from which outgoing port the frame should be sent

12
Link-layer Switch
• Learning Process
• Filtering & Forwarding

13
Link-layer Switch

14
Router
• A router is a three-layer device; it operates in
the physical, data-link, and network layers
• As a physical-layer device, it regenerates the
signal it receives
• As a link-layer device, the router checks the
physical addresses (source and destination)
contained in the packet
• As a network-layer device, a router checks the
network-layer addresses

15
Router
• A router can connect different networks
• It is an internetworking device; it connects
independent networks to form an internetwork.
• A router can also perform
— A router has a physical and logical (IP) address for each of
its interfaces.
— A router acts only on those packets in which the link-layer
destination address matches the address of the interface
at which the packet arrives.
— A router changes the link-layer address of the packet
(both source and destination) when it forwards the packet

16
Token Ring Operation

17
Virtual LAN
• A station is considered part of a LAN if it physically
belongs to that LAN.
• We can roughly define a virtual local area network
(VLAN) as a local area network configured by
software
• Move one user from group-1 to group-3

18
Virtual LAN
• All members belonging to a VLAN can receive
broadcast messages sent to that particular VLAN

19
Virtual LAN
• VLAN technology even allows the grouping of
stations connected to different switches in a VLAN

20

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