Lecture 2

Ch15. Simple Harmonic Motion

University Physics: Waves and Electricity

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul
http://zitompul.wordpress.com
2016
 Homework 1: Plotting the Motions
Plot the following simple harmonic motions in three different
plots:
(a) xa(t) = xmcosωt
(b) xb(t) = xmcos(ωt–π/2)
(c) xc(t) = xm/2cos(ωt+π/2)
(d) xd(t) = 2xmcos(2ωt+π)

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Solution of Homework 1: Plotting the Motions
Plot the following simple xm xb(t)
harmonic motions:
xa(t)
(a) xa(t) = xmcosωt 0
(b) xb(t) = xmcos(ωt–π/2) 0.5T T
(c) xc(t) = xm/2cos(ωt+π/2) –xm
(d) xd(t) = 2xmcos(2ωt+π)

xm
xm/2 xa(t)
0
0.5T T xc(t)
–xm/2
–xm

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Solution of Homework 1: Plotting the Motions
Plot the following simple
harmonic motions: 2xm
(a) xa(t) = xmcosωt
(b) xb(t) = xmcos(ωt–π/2) xm
(c) xc(t) = xm/2cos(ωt+π/2) xa(t)
0
(d) xd(t) = 2xmcos(2ωt+π) 0.5T T

–xm xd(t)
–2xm

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 Object on a Vertical Spring
 When an object hangs from a vertical spring, there is a force
mg downward in addition to the force of the spring.
 If we choose the upward
direction to be positive, the
spring’s force on the object
is Fs = ky, with y as the
difference in the stretched
and unstretched position of
the spring.
 The Newton’s 2nd Law
gives:
d2y
m 2  ky  mg
dt

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 Object on a Vertical Spring
 After some manipulations, the solution can be found as
y(t )  A cos(t   )

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 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
 The energy of a linear oscillator transfers back and forth
between kinetic energy and potential energy, while the sum of
the two –the mechanical energy E of the oscillator– remains
constant.
 The potential energy is associated entirely with the spring. Its
value depends on how much the spring is stretched or
compressed.
U (t )  12 kx 2  12 kxm2 cos 2 (t   )

 The kinetic energy of the system is associated entirely with

the block. Its value depends on how fast the block is moving.
K (t )  12 mv 2  12 m 2 xm2 sin 2 (t   )

K (t )  12 kxm2 sin 2 (t   )

Erwin Sitompul University Physics: Waves and Electricity 2/7

 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
 The mechanical energy is then given by
E (t )  U (t )  K (t )
E (t )  12 kxm2 cos 2 (t   )  12 kxm2 sin 2 (t   )
E (t )  12 kxm2

 The mechanical energy of a

linear oscillator is indeed
constant and independent of
time.
 The potential energy and kinetic
energy of a linear oscillator are
shown next as the function of
time and as the function of
displacement.

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 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

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 Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion

 Simple harmonic motion is actually the projection of uniform

circular motion on a diameter of the circle in which the circular
motion occurs.

• Measurement of the angle

between Jupiter and its moon
Callisto as seen from Earth.

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 Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion

 Next we can see, whether we look at the displacement, the

velocity, or the acceleration, the projection of uniform circular
motion is indeed simple harmonic motion.

x(t v(t
) )

x(t )  xm cos(t   ) v(t )   xm sin(t   ) a(t )   2 xm cos(t   )

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 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
 When the motion of an oscillator is
reduced by an external force, the oscillator
and its motion are said to be damped.
 An idealized example of a damped
oscillator is shown on the next figure.
 As the vane moves up and down, the
liquid exerts an inhibiting drag force on it
and thus on the entire oscillating system.
 With time, the mechanical energy of the
block-spring system decreases, as energy
is transferred to thermal energy of the
liquid and vane.

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 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
 Let us→assume the liquid exerts a damping
force
→
Fd that is proportional to the velocity
v of the vane and block. Then, for the
components along the x axis
Fd  bv
where b is a damping constant, that
depends on both the vane and the liquid,
with the SI unit of kilogram/s.
 The force on the block from the spring is
Fs = –kx. Let us assume that the
gravitational force on the block is taken
out of calculation by setting the position
where the mass rests as the equilibrium
position of the system.

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 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
 Then we can write Newton’s 2nd Law for
the components along the x axis as
bv  kx  ma
d 2x dx
m 2  b  kx  0
dt dt
 The solution of this equation is
x(t )  xm ebt 2 m cos( t   )
where xm is the amplitude and ω’ is the
angular frequency of the damped oscillation.
This angular frequency is given by
k b2
  
m 4m 2

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 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
 The solution can be seen as a cosine function whose
amplitude, which is xme–bt/2m, gradually decreases with time,
as the next figure suggests.

x(t )  xm ebt 2 m cos( t   )

 If the damping is small, we can find the mechanical energy by

replacing xm as found in the formula previously with xme–bt/2m,
so that
E (t )  12 kxm2 e bt m
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 Checkpoint
Here are three sets of values for the spring constant, damping
constant, and mass for the damped oscillator. Rank the sets
according to the time required for the mechanical energy to
decrease to one-fourth of its initial value, greatest first.
• The greater the magnitude of
the exponential, the faster the
decrease.

1
b0t 2 m0  ( b0t m0 )
E1 (t )  12 (2k0 ) xm2 e k x e 2
0 m
2

6
2  (6b0 )t 2(4 m0 )  ( b0t m0 )
E2 (t )  12 k x e
0 m  12 k0 xm2 e 8
Set 1, Set 2,
3
 ( b0t m0 )
then Set 3
2  (3b0 ) t 2 m0
E3 (t )  12 (3k0 ) x e
m  32 k x e
2
0 m
2

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 Example 1
For the damped oscillator, m=250 g, k=85 N/m,
and b=70 g/s.
(a) What is the period of the motion?
k b2 85 (0.07)2
   2
   18.439rad s
m 4m 0.25 4(0.25)2
2 2
T   0.34 s
  18.439

(b) How long does it take for the amplitude of the damped
oscillation to drop to half its initial value?
1 2m  1  2(0.25)  1 
e bt 2 m  t  ln     ln    4.95 s
2 b 2 (0.070)  2 
• Or after around
15 periods of
oscillation

Erwin Sitompul University Physics: Waves and Electricity 2/17

 Example 1
For the damped oscillator, m=250 g, k=85 N/m,
and b=70 g/s.
(c) How long does it take for the mechanical
energy to drop to one-half its initial value?
1 m 1 (0.25)  1 
e bt m   t   ln     ln    2.475 s
2 b 2 (0.070)  2 

• Auto Shock-
Absorber

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 Lecture 2
Ch16. Transverse Waves

University Physics: Waves and Electricity

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul
http://zitompul.wordpress.com
 Types of Waves
Waves are of three main types:
1.Mechanical waves. Common examples include water waves,
sound waves, and seismic waves. These waves are governed
by Newton's laws and they can exist only within a material
medium such as water, air, and rock.
2.Electromagnetic waves. Common examples include visible
and ultraviolet light, radio and television waves, microwaves, x
rays, and radar waves. These waves require no material
medium to exist; for example light waves.
3.Matter waves. These waves are associated with electrons,
protons, and other fundamental particles, and even atoms and
molecules.

 Much of what we discuss here applies to all kinds of waves.

But for specific examples we shall refer to mechanical waves.

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 A Simple Mechanical Wave
 A wave sent along a stretched, taut string is the simplest
mechanical wave.
 A single up-and-down motion generates a single →
pulse. The
pulse moves along the string at some velocity v.

• A typical string element (marked with a

dot) moves up once and then down as the
pulse passes.
• The element’s motion is perpendicular to
the wave’s direction of travel → the pulse
is a transverse wave

Assumptions:
• No friction-like forces within the string, where the energy of the
wave may dissipate → No energy loss
• Strings are very long → No need to consider reflected waves from
the far end
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 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
 If a sinusoidal wave is sent along the string, we would find
that the displacement of every string element is perpendicular
to the direction of travel of the wave. (Figure on the left)
 This motion is said to be transverse, and the wave is said to
be a transverse wave.

 If you push and pull on a piston in simple harmonic motion, a

sinusoidal sound wave travels along the pipe. (Figure on the right)
 Because the motion of the elements of air is parallel to the
direction of the wave’s travel, the motion is said to be
longitudinal, and the wave is said to be a longitudinal wave.
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 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
 Both a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave are said to be
traveling wave because they both travel from one point to
another.
 Note that it is the wave that moves from one end to another
end, not the material (string or air) through which the wave
moves.

• Transverse wave

• Longitudinal wave
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 Wavelength and Frequency
 To completely describe a wave on a string (and the motion of
any element along its length), we need a function that gives
the shape of the wave.
 This means, we need a relation in the form
y = f(x,t),
in which y is the transverse displacement of any string
element as a function f of the time t and the position x of the
element along the string.
 If the wave is sinusoidal, then at time t, the displacement y of
the element located at position x is given by:
y( x, t )  ym sin(kx  t )

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 Wavelength and Frequency

Traveling wave:
• Five snapshots of a sinusoidal wave traveling in the
positive right direction of an x axis is shown in the
figure.
• The movement of the wave is indicated by the
short arrow pointing to a peak of the wave.
• But, at the meantime, the string moves only parallel
to the x axis. Examine the motion of the red-
colored string element at x = 0.
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 Wavelength and Angular Wave Number
 The wavelength λ of a wave is the distance (parallel to the
direction of the wave’s travel) between repetitions of the wave
shape.

 The angular wave number k is related to the wavelength by:

2
k

 The SI unit of k is radian per meter or m–1.
 Differentiate this k with the one that represents a spring
constant as previously, where the unit is N/m.

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 Period, Angular Frequency, and Frequency
 The period of oscillation T of a wave is the time any string
element takes to move through one full oscillation.

 The angular frequency ω is related to the period by:

2

T
 The SI unit of ω is radian per second or s–1.
 The frequency f of a wave is defined as 1/T and is related to
the angular frequency ω by:
1 
f  
T 2
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 Checkpoint
The figure is a composite of three snapshots, each of a wave
traveling along a particular string.
The phases for the waves are given by:
(a) 2x–4t
(b) 4x–8t
(c) 8x–16t
Which phase corresponds to which wave in the figure?

(a) ↔ 2
(b) ↔ 3
(c) ↔ 1

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 Phase Constant
 Two sinusoidal traveling waves with identical amplitude,
wavelength, and period, can also be shifted one from
another.

• Now, estimate the phase

constant of this wave.

   , value0.5at 0
6
 To accommodate this, the wave function can be generalized
by inserting a phase constant Φ:
y( x, t )  ym sin(kx  t   )

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 The Speed of a Traveling Wave
 The figure shows two snapshots of the sinusoidal wave,
taken a small time interval Δt apart.
 The wave is traveling in the positive direction of x (to the
right), and the entire wave pattern moves a distance Δx
during the time interval Δt.

 After some derivation, we can write the wave speed v as:

 
v  f dx dy dt
k T v  ?
dt dy dx
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 The Speed of a Traveling Wave
 The equation that describes a wave moving in the positive
direction is:
y( x, t )  ym sin(kx  t   )

 The equation that describes a wave moving in the negative

direction is:
y( x, t )  ym sin(kx  t   )

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 The Speed of a Traveling Wave
Here are the equations of three waves:
(1) y(x,t) = 2sin(4x–2t)
(2) y(x,t) = sin(3x–4t)
(3) y(x,t) = 2sin(3x–3t)
Rank the waves according to their (a) wave speed and (b)
maximum speed perpendicular to the wave’s direction of travel
(the transverse speed), greatest first.
(a) Wave speed: 2, 3, 1
(b) Transverse speed: 3, then 1 and 2 tie


Wave speed: v
k
Transverse speed: vm   xm

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 Example 1
A wave traveling along a string is described by
y(x,t) = 0.00327sin(72.1x–2.72t),
in which the numerical constants are in SI units.

(a) What is the amplitude of this wave?

ym  0.00327 m  3.27 mm

(b) What are the wavelength, period, and frequency of this

wave?
2 2 2
k     0.0871 m  8.71 cm
 k 72.1
2 2 2
 T    2.310 s
T  2.72
1 1
f    0.433 Hz
T 2.310
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 Example 1
A wave traveling along a string is described by
y(x,t) = 0.00327sin(72.1x–2.72t),
in which the numerical constants are in SI units.

(c) What is the velocity of this wave?


2.72
v   0.0377 m s  3.77 cm s v  3.77iˆ cm s
k 72.1 • How come?

(d) What is the displacement y at x = 22.5 cm and t = 18.9 s?

y ( x, t )  0.00327 sin(72.1x  2.72t )
y (0.225 m,18.9 s)  0.00327 sin(72.1 0.225  2.72 18.9)
 0.00327 sin(35.1855 rad)
 (0.00327 m)(0.588)
 0.00192 m
 1.92 mm
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 Email Quiz
A hungry scorpion can detect the presence of a nearby
beetle by the waves the motion sends along the sand
surface while the beetle moves.
The waves are of two types:
transverse wave with the speed of
vt = 50 m/s and longitudinal waves
traveling at vl = 140 m/s.

If a careless motion of the beetle

sends out such waves, the
scorpion can determine the
distance of the beetle from the
difference Δt in the arrival times of
the waves at its leg nearest to the
beetle. If Δt is given as 4.0 ms,
determine the beetle’s distance d
(in cm).

Erwin Sitompul University Physics: Waves and Electricity 2/35

 Homework 2: Phase Differences
A sinusoidal wave of frequency 500 Hz has a speed of 350 m/s.
(a) How far apart are two points that differ in phase by π/3
rad?
(b) What is the phase difference between two displacements
at a certain point at times 1 ms apart?

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 Homework 2A: Phase Differences
1. A sinusoidal wave of wavelength 280 cm has a speed of 60 m/s.
(a) How many seconds apart are two displacements at a certain point
that differ in phase by 2π/3 rad?
(b) What is the phase difference between two displacements at a certain
time at distances 14 cm apart?

2. In the figure below, two springs with the same value of spring constant
7580 N/m are connected to a box with the mass 0.245 kg. Determine the
oscillation frequency on the frictionless floor?

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