THIS SLIDE IS ANIMATED

IN FILLING ORDER 2.PPT

H = 1s1
1s

He = 1s2
1s

Li = 1s2 2s1
1s 2s

Be = 1s2 2s2
1s 2s

C = 1s2 2s2 2p2

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz

S = 1s2 2s2 2p4

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s 3px 3py 3pz
H = 1s1
1s
e-
+1

He = 1s2
1s

e-
+2
e- Coulombic attraction holds valence electrons to atom.

Be = 1s2 2s2
1s 2s
e-
e-
+4 Coulombic attraction holds valence electrons to atom.
e- e-
Valence electrons are shielded by the kernel electrons.
Therefore the valence electrons are not held as tightly in Be than in He.
 Fe = 1s1 2s22p63s23p64s23d6 26 electrons.
Iron has ___

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s 3px 3py 3pz 4s 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d

6s 6p 5d 4f

32

5s 5p 4d
e- 18
e-
e- e-
e- 4s 4p 3d
e- e-
e-
e- 18
e- e- e- e-
e-
+26 Arbitrary 3s 3p
e-
e- e-
e- Energy Scale 8
e- e- e- e-
e-
e- e- 2s 2p
e-
8

1s
2

NUCLEUS
 Electron Configurations
Orbital Filling
Electron
Element 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s Configuration

H 1s1

He 1s2
NOT CORRECT
Li 1s22s1
Violates Hund’s
Rule 1s22s22p2
C

N 1s22s22p3

O 1s22s22p4

F 1s22s22p5

Ne 1s22s22p6

Na 1s22s22p63s1
 Electron Configurations
Orbital Filling
Electron
Element 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s Configuration

H 1s1

He 1s2

Li 1s22s1

C 1s22s22p2

N 1s22s22p3

O 1s22s22p4

F 1s22s22p5

Ne 1s22s22p6

Na 1s22s22p63s1
Filling Rules for Electron Orbitals
Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest
energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom
have been accounted for.

Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.

To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in opposite
directions.

Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that a maximum

number of unpaired electrons results.

*Aufbau is German for “building up”

Filling Rules for Electron Orbitals
Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest
energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom
have been accounted for. 6s 6p 5d 4f

32

5s 5p 4d
18
Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital
4s
can
4p
hold
3d
a maximum of two electrons.
To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in opposite
18
directions. Arbitrary North South
3s 3p
Energy Scale 8

-
Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy
2s 2p

-
orbitals so that a maximum
number of unpaired electrons results.
8

1s
2
*Aufbau is German for “building up” S N
NUCLEUS
 Spin Quantum Number, ms
North South

- N

S
-

Electron aligned with Electron aligned against

magnetic field, magnetic field,
ms = +behaves
The electron ½ ms =its
as if it were spinning about an axis through -½center.
This electron spin generates a magnetic field, the direction of which depends
on the direction of the spin.
Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry The Central Science, 2000, page 208
 Energy Level Diagram of a Many-Electron Atom
6s 6p 5d 4f

32

5s 5p 4d

18

4s 4p 3d

18
Arbitrary
Energy Scale
3s 3p

2s 2p

1s

NUCLEUS
O’Connor, Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 177
 Maximum Number of Electrons Maximum Number of Electrons In Each Sublevel

In Each Sublevel
Maximum Number
Sublevel Number of Orbitals of Electrons

s 1 2

p 3 6

d 5 10

f 7 14

LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 146
 Quantum Numbers

n shell 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
l subshell 0, 1, 2, ... n - 1
ml orbital - l ... 0 ... +l
ms electron spin +1/2 and - 1/2
Order in which subshells are filled
with electrons
1s

2s 2p

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d

2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10
7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d …
 4f
Sublevels
4d
n=4
4p
3d
4s

Energy
6d
5f
7s
6p 7s
6d
5f n=3 3p
5d 6p
4f
6s 5d
5p 6s 4f
4d 5p
4p
5s
5s
4d 3s
3d 4p
4s
Energy

3d
3p 4s
3p
3s
3s
2p
2p
2s 2p n=2
2s
2s
1s
1s
n=1 1s
 4f
Sublevels
4d
s p d f n=4
s p d
4p
s p
s 3d
4s

Energy
n=3 3p

3s
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d10…
2p
n=2
2s

n=1 1s
Filling Rules for Electron Orbitals
Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest
energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom
have been accounted for.

Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.

To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in opposite
directions.

Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that a maximum

number of unpaired electrons results.

*Aufbau is German for “building up”

 Energy Level Diagram of a Many-Electron Atom
6s 6p 5d 4f

32

5s 5p 4d

18

4s 4p 3d

18
Arbitrary
Energy Scale
3s 3p

2s 2p

1s

NUCLEUS
O’Connor, Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 177
 Electron
capacities

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

 32
32
18
18
8
8
2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS

H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Hydrogen

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
H = 1s1
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Helium

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
He = 1s2
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Lithium

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
Li = 1s22s1
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Carbon

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
C = 1s22s22p2
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Nitrogen

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

Hund’s Rule “maximum

number of unpaired
orbitals”.
2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
N = 1s22s22p3
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Fluorine

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
F = 1s22s22p5
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Aluminum

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Argon

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
Ar = 1s22s22p63s23p6
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Iron

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
Fe = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Lanthanum

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
La = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La 4s23d104p65s24d105p66s25d1
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 Shorthand Configuration

A neon's electron configuration (1s22s22p6)

B third energy level

[Ne] 3s1
C one electron in the s orbital

D orbital shape

Na = [1s22s22p6] 3s1 electron configuration

Shorthand Configuration
Element symbol Electron configuration
Ca [Ar] 4s2
V [Ar] 4s2 3d3
F [He] 2s2 2p5
Ag [Kr] 5s2 4d9
I [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5
Xe [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p6
Fe 22p64s
[He] 2s[Ar] 3s223d
3p664s23d6
Sg [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d4
 General Rules
• Pauli Exclusion Principle Wolfgang Pauli

– Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with

opposite spins.

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 General Rules
6d

Aufbau Principle 7s
5f

6p 7s
6d
5f
5d 6p

– Electrons fill the

4f
6s 5d
5p 6s 4f
4d
lowest energy 4p
5s
5s
5p
4d

orbitals first. 4s
3d 4p
3d
3p 4s

Energy
– “Lazy Tenant 3s
3s
3p

Rule” 2p
2s 2p
2s

1s
1s

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 General Rules
• Hund’s Rule
– Within a sublevel, place one electron
per orbital before pairing them.
– “Empty Bus Seat Rule”

WRONG RIGHT
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 8
O
Notation 15.9994

• Orbital Diagram

O
8e- 1s 2s 2p
• Electron Configuration

2 2
1s 2s 2p4
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 16
S
Notation 32.066

• Longhand Configuration

S 16e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

Core Electrons Valence Electrons

• Shorthand Configuration

S 16e- 2
[Ne] 3s 3p4
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 Periodic Patterns
s
1 1s p 1s

2 2s 2p

3 3s d (n-1) 3p

4 4s 3d 4p

5 5s 4d 5p

6 6s 5d 6p

7 7s 6d 7p

6 4f
f (n-2) 7 5f
 Periodic Patterns
• Period #
– energy level (subtract for d & f)

• A/B Group #
– total # of valence e-

• Column within sublevel block

– # of e- in sublevel
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 Periodic Patterns
• Example - Hydrogen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1st column
1s 1 of s-block

1st Period s-block

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
 Periodic Patterns
• Shorthand Configuration
– Core electrons:
• Go up one row and over to the Noble Gas.
– Valence electrons:
• On the next row, fill in the # of e- in each sublevel.
1

2
3

4
5

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 32
Ge
Periodic Patterns 72.61

• Example - Germanium
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

[Ar] 4s 2 3d 10 4p 2

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 Stability
• Full energy level
• Full sublevel (s, p, d, f)
• Half-full sublevel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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 The Octet Rule
Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons
until they have eight valence electrons.

This fills the valence

shell and tends to give
the atom the stability 8
of the inert gasses.

ONLY s- and p-orbitals are valence electrons.

 Stability
• Electron Configuration Exceptions
– Copper
EXPECT: [Ar] 4s2 3d9

ACTUALLY: [Ar] 4s1 3d10

– Copper gains stability with a full

d-sublevel.

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 Stability
• Electron Configuration Exceptions
– Chromium
EXPECT: [Ar] 4s2 3d4

ACTUALLY: [Ar] 4s1 3d5

– Chromium gains stability with a half-full

d-sublevel.

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

 Electron Filling in Periodic Table s
s

1 p

3 d

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
4
4s1 4s2 3d1 3d2 3d3 3d54 3d5 3d6 3d7 3d8 3d10
3d 9 3d10 4p1 4p2 4p3 4p4 4p5 4p6

4f Cr Cu
4s13d5 4s13d10
4d
n=4
4p
3d
Cr
Energy

4s
n=3 3p 4s13d5

3s
4s 3d
2p
n=2
2s
Cu
n=1 1s 4s13d10

4s 3d
 Stability
• Ion Formation
– Atoms gain or lose electrons to become more
stable.
– Isoelectronic with the Noble Gases.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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 Stability
• Ion Electron Configuration
– Write the e- configuration for the closest
Noble Gas
• EX: Oxygen ion  O2-  Ne

O2- 10e- [He] 2s2 2p6

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 28

Orbital Diagrams for Nickel Ni

58.6934

2 2 6 2 6 2 8
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Excited State

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p6 4s1 3d 9
Pauli Exclusion

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Hund’s Rule

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
 28

Orbital Diagrams for Nickel Ni

58.6934

2 2 6 2 6 2 8
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Excited State

2 2 6 2 6 1 9
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
VIOLATES Pauli Exclusion

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
VIOLATES Hund’s Rule

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Write out the complete electron configuration for the following:
1) An atom of nitrogen

2) An atom of silver

3) An atom of uranium (shorthand)

POP
Fill in the orbital boxes for an atom of nickel (Ni)

1s 2s 2p
QUIZ
3s 3p 4s 3d

Which rule states no two electrons can spin the same direction in a single orbital?

Extra credit: Draw a Bohr model of a Ti4+ cation.

Ti4+ is isoelectronic to Argon.
 Answer Key

Write out the complete electron configuration for the following:

1) An atom of nitrogen 1s22s22p3

2) An atom of silver 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9

3) An atom of uranium (shorthand) [Rn]7s26d15f3

Fill in the orbital boxes for an atom of nickel (Ni)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Which rule states no two electrons can spin the same direction in a single orbital?
Pauli exclusion principle
Extra credit: Draw a Bohr model of a Ti4+ cation. n= 22+ n

Ti4+ is isoelectronic to Argon.