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VC 1415 TP9 RegionBasedSegmentation

The document discusses region-based image segmentation techniques. It describes how region-based segmentation can be more effective than edge detection or thresholding for noisy images. Region formation methods covered include region growing, region merging, region splitting, and watershed transforms. Morphological filters like dilation, erosion, opening and closing are also summarized as tools for post-processing segmentation results.

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138 views35 pages

VC 1415 TP9 RegionBasedSegmentation

The document discusses region-based image segmentation techniques. It describes how region-based segmentation can be more effective than edge detection or thresholding for noisy images. Region formation methods covered include region growing, region merging, region splitting, and watershed transforms. Morphological filters like dilation, erosion, opening and closing are also summarized as tools for post-processing segmentation results.

Uploaded by

bhargavi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VC 14/15 – TP9

Region-Based Segmentation

Mestrado em Ciência de Computadores


Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia de Redes e
Sistemas Informáticos

Miguel Tavares Coimbra


Outline
• Region-based Segmentation
• Morphological Filters

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Topic: Region-based Segmentation
• Region-based Segmentation
• Morphological Filters

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Why Region-Based Segmentation?
• Segmentation
– Edge detection and
Thresholding not
always effective.
• Homogenous regions
– Region-based
segmentation.
– Effective in noisy
images.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Definitions
• Based on sets.
• Each image R is a set R7
R6
of regions Ri.
– Every pixel belongs to R1
R5
one region.
– One pixel can only R2 R3
belong to a single R4
region.
S
R   Ri Ri  R j  
i 1

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


R7
R6

R1
R5

R2
R3

R4
VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation
Basic Formulation
Let R represent the entire image a) Every pixel must be in a
region. Segmentation partitions R
into n subregions, R1, R2, ..., Rn, region
such that: b) Points in a region must
n
a) R R

i 1
i be connected.
b) R is a connected region, i  1, 2, ..., n.
c) Regions must be
i
disjoint.
c) Ri  R j   for all i and j , i  j d) All pixels in a region
satisfy specific
d) P( Ri )  TRUE for i  1,2,..., n. properties.
e) P( Ri  R j )  FALSE for i  j.
e) Different regions have
different properties.
VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation
How do we form regions?
• Region Growing
• Region Merging
• Region Splitting
• Split and Merge
• Watershed
• ...

What a computer sees

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Region growing
• Groups pixels into • Iterative process
larger regions. – How to start?
• Starts with a seed – How to iterate?
region. – When to stop?
• Grows region by
merging neighboring Finish
pixels.

Initial Stop
Iterations
Regions Condition

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation
Region merging
• Algorithm
– Divide image into an initial set of regions.
• One region per pixel.
– Define a similarity criteria for merging
regions.
– Merge similar regions.
– Repeat previous step until no more merge
operations are possible.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Similarity Criteria
• Homogeneity of regions is used as the
main segmentation criterion in region
growing.
– gray level
Choice of criteria
– color, texture
affects segmentation
– shape results dramatically!
– model
– etc.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Gray-Level Criteria
• Comparing to Original Seed Pixel
– Very sensitive to choice of seed point.
• Comparing to Neighbor in Region
– Allows gradual changes in the region.
– Can cause significant drift.
• Comparing to Region Statistics
– Acts as a drift dampener.
• Other possibilities!
VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation
Region splitting
• Algorithm
R1 R2
– One initial set that
R1
includes the whole
R3 R4
image.
– Similarity criteria.
– Iteratively split regions
into sub-regions.
R1 R2
– Stop when no more R1 R2 R3

splittings are possible. R4 R5


R6 R7
R3
R4 R5 R6 R7

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation
[Machine Vision; David Vernon]
Split and Merge
• Combination of both
algorithms.
• Can handle a larger
variety of shapes.
– Simply apply previous
algorithms
consecutively.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


The Watershed Transform
• Geographical inspiration.
– Shed water over rugged
terrain.
– Each lake corresponds to a
region.
• Characteristics
– Computationally complex.
– Great flexibility in
segmentation.
– Risk of over-segmentation.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


The Drainage Analogy
• Two points are in the same region if they
drain to the same point.

Courtesy of Dr. Peter Yim at National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


The Immersion Analogy

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


[Milan Sonka,
Vaclav Hlavac,
and Roger Boyle]

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Over-Segmentation
• Over-segmentation.
– Raw watershed segmentation produces a
severely oversegmented image with hundreds
or thousands of catchment basins.
• Post-Processing.
– Region merging.
– Edge information.
– Etc.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Topic: Morphological Filters
• Region-based Segmentation
• Morphological Filters

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Mathematical Morphology
• Provides a • What is this used for?
mathematical – Binary images.
description of – Can be used for post-
geometric structures. processing
segmentation results!
• Based on sets.
– Groups of pixels which • Core techniques
define an image – Erosion, Dilation.
region. – Open, Close.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Tumor Segmentation using Morphologic Filtering

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Dilation, Erosion
• Two sets:
– Image
– Morphological kernel.
• Dilation (D)
– Union of the kernel with
the image set.
– Increases resulting area.
• Erosion (E)
– Intersection.
– Decreases resulting area.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Dilation
• Example using a 3x3 morphological kernel

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Erosion
• Example using a 3x3 morphological kernel

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Opening, Closing
• Opening
– Erosion, followed by
dilation.
– Less destructive than an
erosion.
– Adapts image shape to
kernel shape.
• Closing
– Dilation, followed by
erosion.
– Less destructive than a
dilation.
– Tends to close shape
irregularities.
VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation
Opening
• Example using a 3x3 morphological kernel

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Closing
• Example using a 3x3 morphological kernel

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Core morphological operators

Dilation Erosion

Closing Opening

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Example: Opening

Opening

Tresholding

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Example: Closing

Closing

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Connected Component Analysis
• Define ‘connected’.
– 4 neighbors.
– 8 neighbors.
• Search the image for
seed points.
• Recursively obtain all
connected points of
the seeded region.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Resources
• Gonzalez & Woods - Chapter 7 and 8

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation

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