Technology of Building

I3-GCI(GROUP 01)
12 JUNE 2017
 1 . The technologies of building to resist wind load

Roof bracing
● V lattice

❏ Diagonal members are alternatively in tension and in

compression.
❏ This type of truss is also used for the horizontal truss of
gantry/crane girders.
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● K lattice

❏ K lattice made to break up the vertical members into smaller

sections.

❏ The shorter a member is, the more in can resist buckling from
compression.
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● The cross of saint Andrew

There are two different types of X lattice:

❏ If the diagonal member are designed to resist compression, the X lattice is the
superposition of two V lattice.
❏ If the resistance of the diagonal member in compression is ignored, this X lattice is
used where gravity loads are predominant.
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● Concrete building
Shear wall-Frame interaction
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● Concrete building
Shear wall-Frame interaction

● This system is incorporated by precast columns,

shear wall, precast-tee system and precast spandrel
beams.
● The system has a broad range of application and
has been used for buildings as low as10 stories to
as high as 50 stories or even taller.
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● Flat slab-Beam system

 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● Flat slab-Beam system

❏ The slab system has two distinct actions in resisting lateral loads.

❏ First, because of its high in plane stiffness, it distributes the lateral loads to various
vertical elements in proportion to their stiffness.

❏ Second, because of its significant out-of-plane stiffness, it restrains the vertical

displacement and rotations of the column as if they were interconnected by a shallow
wide beam.
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● Miscellaneous system
Schematic system Structural behavior
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● Miscellaneous system
❏ Schematic plan of the building has a cap wall consisting of a 1- or 2- stories-high
outrigger wall that connects to core to the perimeter columns.
❏ A 1- or 2- stories wall at the perimeter acting as a belt wall is typically used in the
system to tie the exterior column together.
❏ The cap wall at the top to reverse the bending curvature of the cantilever shear core.
❏ A substantial portion of moment in the core is thus transferred to leeward columns.
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● Steel building
Rigid frame

Rigid connection Wind moment connection

 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

● Steel building
Rigid frame
❏ In this system, lateral loads are resisted primarily by the
rigid frame action that is by the development of shear
forces and bending moments in the frame members and
joints.
❏ The continuity at both ends of beams also assists in
resisting gravity loads more efficiently by reducing
positive moments in beam spans.
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

Braced frame

Outrigger system with a central core Outrigger system with offset core
 1.The technologies of building to resist wind load

Braced frame

Diagonals acting as outriggers Floor girders acting as outriggers

Earthquake load action

● The advanced technics for earthquake resistance is not to strengthen the

building, but to reduce the earthquake-generated forces acting upon it.

● Among the most important advanced techniques of earthquake resistant

design and construction are shown following:
Earthquake load action
● Base isolation

● The lead-rubber bearings are attached to the building and its foundation with
the help of steel plates.

● In the event of an earthquake, these isolator bearings, being strong vertically

and not horizontally, allow the building to rock gently back and forth, resulting
in moving the foundation of the building but not moving the structure above it.
 Earthquake load action
Triple friction

It consists of triple friction pendulum (main concave, slider concave and articulated
slider) isolators that help the building stay aloft (above) in the event of an
earthquake.
Earthquake load action
● Tuned mass damper(harmonic absorber)

● The enormous mass damper is suspended near the top of the structure by
steel cables, to withstand the lateral force.

● This mass damper works as a pendulum moving itself in the opposite

direction of the swaying building, thus, dissipating the energy and vibrational
effects caused by earthquakes and typhoons
Earthquake load action
● Water tank (tuned mass liquid damper)
Earthquake load action

Water tank (tuned mass liquid damper)

● A large water tank that is basically liquid mass damper designed in a manner to
help the mega tall structure to withstand the pressures of strong winds and
earthquakes.
● As the wind and earthquakes move the building, the motion of the water in the
large tank atop the building will roll in the other direction, causing the building
to move less and the inhabitants to feel less sway.
● Screens (baffles) is located in the tanks help modulate the flow of the water
tanks to approximately counteract the building accelerations.
● It is used for One Rincon Hill South Tower in San Francisco, California, United
States.
Earthquake load action

Energy dissipation (Seismic damper)

• Seismic Damper are used in place of structural elements, like diagonal braces,
for controlling seismic damage in structures.

● It partly absorbs the seismic energy and reduces the motion of building.
Earthquake load action

● Shock absorbers in buildings slow down and reduce the magnitude of

vibratory motions, similarly spring motion in vehicles.
● Shock absorbers is attached ended column and attached ended beam.
● Each of them consists of a piston head that moves inside a cylinder filled with
silicone oil.
● When an earthquake strikes, the horizontal motion of the building causes the
piston in each shock absorber to push against the oil, transforming the
quake's mechanical energy into heat.”
2. One of the high risks building and describe the technologies
to construct this building against wind or (and earthquake load
action).

The Shanghai World Financial Center

● A high skyscraper located in the Pudong district of Shanghai, China.
● It was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and developed by the Mori Building
Company, On 14 September 2007.
● The skyscraper was topped out and is 492, becomes the 8th tallest building in the
world and the fourth tallest structure in Mainland China.
● This building opened to the public on 28 August 2008.
The Shanghai World Financial Center

● The Shanghai World Financial Center utilized the diagonal-braced frame (with added
outrigger trusses) to carry down lateral forces to the ground.
● The design employs an effective use of material, because it decreases the thickness of
the outer core shear walls and the weight of the structural steel in the perimeter.
The Shanghai World Financial Center

The beams and columns that form the frame carry vertical loads, and the bracing
system carries the lateral forces caused by winds and earthquake.

● Braced frames reduce lateral displacement, as well as the bending moment in

columns. They are economical, easily erected and have the design flexibility to
create the strength and stiffness required.
The Shanghai World Financial Center
● Bracing between column lines (in vertical planes) provides load paths for the
transference of horizontal forces to ground level by mega-columns.

● Framed buildings required at least three planes of vertical bracing to brace

both directions in plan and to resist torsion about a vertical axis.
The Shanghai World Financial Center
The Shanghai World Financial Center

● Diagonal-braced frame was incorporated with other equipment material and

formed as three parallel systems.

1) The mega-structure, consisting of the major structural columns,the major

diagonals, and the belt trusses.

2) The concrete walls of the services core.

3) The interaction between the concrete core wall and the mega-columns was
created by the outrigger trusses.
The Shanghai World Financial Center

● This design both controlled the thickness of the core concrete walls and
optimized the design of the outrigger trusses.
● The outrigger trusses are made of steel to connect the mega-
columns,services wall core and belt trusses together.
● Belt trusses are associated with mega-columns to stabilize those four
columns.
● The columns of the mega-structure are of mixed structural steel and
reinforced concrete. At the connection of the mega-diagonals to the
columns, the steel column must be of a size capable of fully
transferring the vertical component of the load in the diagonals to the
composite columns.
3. How to construct the pile foundations? If your construction site consist
low capacity soil condition all layers after testing (result from laboratory
test).

● Low capacity soil, it has a low end bearing capacity for all layer.
● It means we can’t use bearing pile in the construction site that consist this type
of soil.
● To solve the problem we have many types of pile to construct.
3. How to construct the pile foundations with low capacity soil ?

● Cohesion piles and Friction piles: These piles transmit most of their load to
the soil through skin friction. These types of pile foundations are commonly
known as floating pile foundations.

Bearing piles Friction or cohesion pile piles

3. How to construct the pile foundations with low capacity soil ?

● Screw piles or helical piles: Screw piles are a type of deep foundation that
can be installed quickly with minimal noise and vibration.
● Screw piles are wound into the ground, much like a screw is wound into
wood.
● A screw pile consists of a cast iron or steel shaft of external diameter normally
varying from 15 to 30 cm and terminating into a helix or screw base.
● Screw piles function most efficiently in soft clay or loose sand.
● In such a ground it is easy to install the piles and also the large bearing area
provided by the screws makes the best use of the low bearing capacity of the
soil.
3. How to construct the pile foundations with low capacity soil ?

● Screw piles function most efficiently in soft clay or loose sand.

● In such a ground it is easy to install the piles and also the large bearing area
provided by the screws makes the best use of the low bearing capacity of the
soil.
3. How to construct the pile foundations with low capacity soil ?

Disc piles: Similar to a screw pile, a disc pile consists of hollow metallic pipe
attached with a cast iron disc to its foot so as to enlarge the bearing area of the
pile. Disc pile can he used only in sandy or soft soils which may permit sinking of
the pile by water jets.
3. How to construct the pile foundations with low capacity soil ?

● Disc piles are used mostly in marine installations, where the total penetration of the
pile in the ground is required to be large. But nowadays, it is rarely used in the
construction site.
3. How to construct the pile foundations with low capacity soil ?

Piled raft foundation

● Piled raft foundation combines two foundation-building techniques into a
hybrid design suitable for specialized circumstances.
● We use raft foundations when no solid layer of soil exists at or near the
ground surface.
● This means the surface soils are not stable enough and the bedrock is too
deep to reach for a conventional foundation.
3. How to construct the pile foundations with low capacity soil ?

Piled raft foundation

4. Difference between H-steel and I-steel

❖ H-steel and I-steel looks quite similar that makes it confusing to many who is
not concerned about the differences between h-steel and I-steel. Let’s
discuss about these two structural members.

H-steel I-steel
 H-steel I-steel
• An H-steel has a thicker center • An I-steel often has a thinner
web, which means it is often center web, which means it is
stronger. often not able to take as much
• An H-steel may be built up, force as a H-beam.
meaning it can be built up to any • An I-steel may only be built up as
size or height. much as the manufacturers milling
• The H-steel is often a lot heavier equipment allows.
than the I-steel, which means it • The I-steel is often lighter, but this
can take more force. is desirable in some buildings
• The manufacture process means where weight and force on a wall
that H-steels can be used for may pose a structural issue.
spans up to 330 feet.
H-steel I-steel
• The H-steel has a bevel where • An I-steel may be used for spans
three pieces of metal come of between 33 and 100 feet.
together and look like one piece Longer I-steels are not often an
of metal. option as they are tough to
• H-steels have top and bottom manufacture.
flanges that stick out further from • An I-steel is just one piece of
the web than the flanges on I- metal throughout and is not
beams. made by welding or riveting
sheets of metal together.
• I-steels have top and bottom
flanges, and they are shorter and
are not as wide as H-beams.
REFERENCE
http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/types-of-steel-piles/
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/classification-of-piles/1799/
http://www.ehow.com/info_8740924_piled-raft-foundation.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_wall
https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1708-25045-9326/chapter7.pdf

http://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/SF-Shanghai-Robertson-June071.pdf
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