Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Complex Numbers
Complex Analysis - deals with the study of
complex numbers – its properties, operations
and analytical functions.
j =j j5 = j j9 = j …
j2 = -1 j6 = -1 j10 = -1 …
j3 = -j j7 = -j j11 = -j …
j4 = 1 j8 = 1 j12 = 1
…
Complex Numbers: Exercises
Simplify the following.
1. j2099 5. (-j)1303
2. j439 6. 3/j
3. J566 7. 3j47 + 21j54 – 8j60 + 11j73
4. j372 8. 5j12 – 7j17 + 13j23 – 8j30
Theorems on Complex Numbers
2. Subtraction:
(x1 + jy1) - (x2 + jy2) = (x1 – x2,) + j(y1 - y2)
3. Multiplication:
(x1 + jy1)(x2 +jy2) = x1x2 +jx1y2 + jx2y1 + j2y1y2
= (x1x2 – y1y2) + j(x1y2 + x2y1)
4. Division:
Algebraic Properties
Various properties of addition and
multiplication of complex numbers are the
same as for real numbers.
7. (1 – j2)(3 + j2)2
7. j
8. J
9. \J
Algebraic Properties: Examples
B.Verify that
1.
2.
3.
4.
Graphical Representation of a
Complex Number (The
Complex Plane)
Imaginary Axis
A complex number z = x
+ jy may be
represented by a point
on the complex plane.
Moduli and Conjugates
The conjugate of z = x + jy is the complex
number . Note that
2.
3.
4.
5.
Properties of Moduli and
Conjugates
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Algebraic Properties:
B.Verify that : Exercises
5.
6.
2. Prove that
Extraction of Square Roots of a
Complex Number
To find the square roots of a complex number (a +jb)
be represented by the
point P(x, y) on the
Cartesian plane. Let r = P(x,y)
OP and XOP = . r
y
sin .
O
z = x + jy
= r cos +j(r sin )
= r(cos + j sin )
Polar Form of a Complex Number
This is usually abbreviated by rcjs or r Y
.
The distance r is called the modulus
or absolute value
and the amplitude or argument of P(x,y)
the complex number.
The real number represents the angle r
y
that z makes with the positive real
axis when z is interpreted as a radius X
vector. O x
Examples.
Convert the following to polar form.
a. 3 + j4 b. j7 c. -2 + j6
2. Multiplication
Polar form: (r11)(r22) = r1r2 (1+
Exponential form:
Operations on Complex Numbers
(in Polar and Exponential forms)
3. Division
Polar form:
Exponential form:
Powers of a Complex Number
Let z = re j = r.
b. Ans. -3/4
c. Ans.
Exercise
2. By writing the individual factors on the left in
exponential form, performing the needed
operations, and finally changing back to
rectangular coordinates, show that
a.
b.
c.
d.
De Moivre’s Theorem
(cos +j sin )n = cos n + j sin n
Proof:
Let z = rej = r (cos +j sin )
Then
1.
2.
(3)
(4)
Trigonometric Functions of a
Complex Number
◦ j(2 + j3)4
◦ j(2 + j3)4
Examples
Solve for the angles and of the
following equations:
1. (x + jy)2 = 2 + j4
2. (2x + j3y)2 – 6 – j12 = 0
3. cos2 x + j siny cosy – sin2 x = 0.866 + j0.5
4. 2x + j4y – 3 = j3x – y – j10
5. (x2y – 2) + j(x + 2xy – 5) = 0
Examples
1. Convert (6-j3) to polar form,
exponential form and trigonometric
form.
2. Convert 6-30 to rectangular form,
exponential form and trigonometric
form.
3. Convert 5ej0.725 to rectangular form,
polar form and trigonometric form.
4. Convert cjs 30 to rectangular form,
polar form and exponential form.
Examples
1. Let Z1 = 3+j6, Z2 = 4 + j4, Z3 = 8 – j7
find: a. Z1+Z2+Z3
b. Z1-Z2-Z3
c. Z1+Z2-Z3
a. (5 + j3)(630)
b. (6 + j7)(535+7ej0.765)
c. (6 + j7)(8 – j4)(730 - 5 + j8)
4.Divide
a. 7535 6225
b. 8-75 4-20
c. (5 + j4) (3 + j4)
d. (6 + j3) (4 – j2)
Square Root of Complex Numbers
To evaluate the square root of a given
complex number in polar form, simply
take the square root of magnitude and
multiply the direction by one-half. Or if
the given complex number is in
rectangular form, let that as (x + jy) = ,
square both sides and simplify.
Examples
1. Evaluate the following by two methods and express
the results in polar form.
a. Square root of (1 + j)
b. Square root of (1 – j)
c. Square root of 2j
325
b.
c.
d.
Nth ROOT OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS
From the general exponential form and
trigonometric form.
where:
k = 0, 1, 2, …,(n-1)
W0 = the principal value root, and “” must be
a positive angle.